<p>St. Augustine&#39;s Episcopal Church in Gary, Indiana, is a historically black congregation and building in the Episcopal Diocese of Northern Indiana. The congregation was chartered in 1927, and the building, constructed in 1958, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013 after being nominated for listing by a parishioner.</p><br>
<h2>Congregation</h2><br>
<p>The historically black parish was chartered in 1927 by thirty African American professionals as a Colored Episcopal Mission. St. Augustines original home was at 19th and Adams in Garys Midtown section in an old Roman Catholic Mission building. The first service in the congregation&#39;s new home was held on May 8, 1927.</p><br>
<p>Initially the church struggled to hold regular services and maintain attendance. Only seventeen people attended the first service, and for the first decade of the congregations existence, it was only able to attract part-time priests. In 1938 Episcopal Bishop Campbell Gray assigned Benedictine monks of St. Gregorys Abbey, Three Rivers to serve the struggling mission, and they remained with the church until 1946, two years after Gray&#39;s death. A retired rector named Rev. Langendorff headed the church for the next few years until in 1951 Rev. Wallace L. Wells, spouse of Henrietta Bell Wells and newly ordained, assumed leadership.</p><br>
<p>During the 1950s many African-Americans that moved to Gary did so as part of The Great Migration, seeking employment opportunities that were kept from them in the South, and many of these newly relocated African-Americans joined St. Augustines. With this influx, the congregation grew enough so that by 1955, the church was growing too large to remain in its rented Catholic Mission home. While inquiring about a pipe organ to use in services, the organ sales representative suggested the congregation ask Edward D. Dart, now known as a prolific architect, to design a new building for the congregation. Dart had designed many residential homes in suburban Chicago and had designed one other church in 1953 (St. Michaels Episcopal Church in Barrington, Illinois) before St. Augustine&#39;s. Though having Dart design the building is significant in and of itself, the fact that the congregation was able to commission his services is even more significant since they were an African American congregation and Dart was white, a rare combination during segregation.</p><br>
<p>Dart was asked to design a building with a budget of $120,000, which the church was able to afford thanks to a $45,000 cash fund and a $20,000 grant from the National Council of the Protestant Church. Darts initial design far exceeded this budget with large, ornate stained glass windows that cost $10,000 each, and the parish swiftly rejected it, preferring a more modest, minimalist design. Drawing upon this information, Dart produced a second custom design that was eventually agreed to by the congregations leadership after discussions that lasted several years.</p><br>
<p>A new building was constructed from Darts designs in 1958 at the corner of 19th and Ellsworth in the Tolleston section of Gary, and immediately attracted widespread recognition. In 1960 the building won awards from the American Institute of Architects and the Church Architectural Guild. Several magazines and newspapers including the Chicago Tribune ran articles about the building shortly after its completion due to its perceived architectural beauty, but few mentioned the fact that the congregation it housed was African American. Most of the pictures published about the building omitted any of the churchs members.</p><br>
<p>St. Augustine&#39;s advanced to parish status in 1961, a full two years after the new building was completed.</p><br>
<h3>Pastors/Rectors</h3><br>
<p>Wallace Lewis Wells (1951–1963)</p><br>
<p>Dr. Robert Earl Hood (1963–1967)</p><br>
<p>William James Walker (1967–1968)</p><br>
<p>Joseph W. Riggs (1970–1975)</p><br>
<p>James Donald Manning (1978–1982)</p><br>
<p>H. Fitz-Roy Henderson Thompson (1983–1989)</p><br>
<p>David Lee Hyndman (1991–Present)</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>Designed by renowned Mid-Century Modern architect Edward D. Dart, FAIA in 1958, the architecturally significant church garnered two architectural awards shortly after its construction. St. Augustines successfully employs the use of Indiana limestone, wood and stained glass clerestory windows. The building was the first of Darts commissioned designs to be nominated to the National Register of Historic Places; it was listed on September 18, 2013. The building was also given a $2,000 African American Heritage Grant from Indiana Landmarks to aid it in its preservation efforts.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Dart, Susan (1993). Edward Dart Architect.</p><br>
<p>"Like Praying Hands." Chicago Sunday Tribune Magazine 27 Dec. 1959: 16. Print.</p><br>
<p>"St. Augustine’s Episcopal Presents Unusual Form." The Post Tribune 14 May 1960: 7.Print.</p><br>
<p>Wells, Wallace L. "Prayerful and Militant." The Living Church 140.3 (1960): 12.Print.</p><br>
<p>The Hutchinson House is the oldest identified house on Edisto Island, South Carolina associated with the black community after the American Civil War. It was the residence of Henry Hutchinson, a mulatto who, according to a local tradition, built and operated the first cotton gin owned by a black on the island from about 1900 to 1920.</p><br>
<p>Following the Civil War, Jim Hutchinson worked to assemble groups of freed blacks who would collectively purchase land on Edisto Island. Each contributor then received a fractional interest in the lands acquired. Jim Hutchinsons children built their own houses on his portion; one of the children was Henry Hutchinson. Henry Hutchinsons house is the only one remaining. Henry Hutchinson is said to have built the house at the time of his marriage to Rosa Swinton in 1885, and resided here until his death in about 1940.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>The Sheffield Downtown Commercial Historic District is a historic district in downtown Sheffield, Alabama. The buildings in the district were mostly built from 1888 to 1959 and have served a variety of purposes. Significant commercial buildings in the district include the Sheffield Hardware Company building, the Blake Building, and the Montgomery Block. Many of the city&#39;s important government buildings, including the Fire Department-City Hall building, Chamber of Commerce, and post office, are also part of the district. Various architectural styles can be seen in the district, including Renaissance Revival, High Victorian Gothic, and Moderne. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 24, 2010.</p><br>
<p>Lake Mohawksin is the name of the reservoir on the Wisconsin River formed by the Tomahawk Dam. The dam is located about one mile south of the city limits of Tomahawk, Wisconsin. Lake Mohawksin was originally called Lake Tomahawk, but the name was changed to avoid confusion with the town of Lake Tomahawk as well as the lake near that town . The name Mohawksin is derived from a concatenation of the last syllables of the three rivers which flow into it &ndash; the Somo, the Tomahawk and the Wisconsin. The name came via a contest won by Herbert Atcherson in 1926.</p><br>
<p>The lake has an area of 1515 acres, and a maximum depth of 25 feet. There are 6 public boat landings, and the lake features northern pike, walleyed pike and muskellunge fishing.</p><br>
<p>The dam is owned by the Wisconsin Public Service Corporation.</p><br>
<p>The Marietta Earthworks is an archaeological site located at the confluence of the Muskingum and Ohio Rivers in Washington County, Ohio, United States. Most of this Hopewellian complex of earthworks is now covered by the modern city of Marietta. Archaeologists have dated the ceremonial site&#39;s construction to approximately 100 BCE to 500 CE.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Early European American settlers gave the structures Latin names. The complex includes the Sacra Via (meaning "sacred way"), three walled enclosures, the Quadranaou, Capitolium (meaning "capital") and at least two other additional platform mounds, and the Conus burial mound and its accompanying ditch and embankment.</p><br>
<h3>Capitolium</h3><br>
<p>The Capitolium is a truncated pyramidal mound with three ramps leading to its summit. It is slightly smaller than the Quadranaou mound. Although not in pristine condition, it has been mostly preserved due to the construction of the Washington County Library on its summit in 1916. According to measurements and research done by archaeoastronomer William F. Romain in the 1990s, when the mound was constructed it was aligned to within about one degree with the winter solstice sunset.</p><br>
<h3>Conus</h3><br>
<p>The Conus is a large burial mound which is encompassed by an embankment and a ditch, much like a round barrow. A gap in the embankment and an earthen ramp across the ditch gives access to the base of the mound. When an earthen wall was constructed outside the ditch, as in this location, it means that the mound was for ceremonial use, not as a type of fortification.</p><br>
<h3>Enclosures and Sacra Via</h3><br>
<p>The site has three large enclosures, surrounded by earthen embankments. The largest, enclosing approximately 50 acres, is on the northwestern end of the complex and is a rectangular enclosure with the Sacra Via ceremonial walled pathway leading down to the Muskingum River. Located within the enclosure were four large platform mounds, including the two largest at the site, the Quadranaou located in the western corner of the enclosure and the Capitolium located along the southeastern side. The two smallest mounds are located in the eastern and northern corners. The Sacra Via was a 680 ft long by 150 ft wide graded way that begins at the center of the southwestern side of the enclosure and ended at or near the Muskingum River. It was flanked on its side by embankments that are 10 ft high at the enclosure and 20 ft high at their termini. Sections of the Sacra Via are preserved as a parkway leading from Third Street to Sacra Via Park. As with the Quadranaou and the Capitolium mounds, research has shown that when the site was constructed the Sacra Via and the walls of the enclosure were aligned with the winter solstice sunset.</p><br>
<p>The second largest enclosure is located to the east of largest and encloses approximately 27 acres. It was made up of a series of 5 ft high walls with ten gates, several being single openings, but two (located in the center of the southwest and northeast walls) were double openings. Eight mounds were positioned at the gates, with the double gates each having a single mound.</p><br>
<p>The third and smallest enclosure was a series of straight line embankments located in between the second enclosure and the berm surrounding the Conus mound.</p><br>
<h3>Quadranaou</h3><br>
<p>The Quadranaou was the largest of the platform mounds at the site and was originally 180 ft in length by 32 ft in width and stood 10 ft in height. The mound had four graded ramps leading to the summit located at the midpoint of each side, each being 25 ft in width and 60 ft in length. The mound is currently preserved as "Quadranaou Park". According to research done in the 1990s, when the mound was constructed it was aligned to within two-tenths of one degree with the winter solstice sunset.</p><br>
<h2>Modern history</h2><br>
<p>The site was first investigated in 1786 by Captain Jonathan Hart, the commander of Fort Harmar. Hart drew a plan of the site that appeared in the May 1787 issue of Columbian Magazine and conducted investigations into one of the mounds; his work is now thought to have been the first archaeological investigation in the state of Ohio. In 1788 Benjamin Franklin conjectured that the earthworks may have been built by members of the 1540 Hernando de Soto expedition through southeastern North America. The next investigations were by Rufus Putnam in 1788 and Reverend Manasseh Cutler in 1789 as they began surveying and founding the modern city of Marietta. Cutler had several trees growing out of the earthworks chopped down so he could count the growth rings; determining that the trees had begun to grow 441 years earlier in approximately 1347. This tree ring data, coupled with the fact that the trees had been preceded by another such round of growth of at least equal age, argued against the de Soto theory and pushed the date for the construction of the earthworks back at 1000 yrs before the 1780s. Given this greater age, others later theorized (also incorrectly) that the mounds had been built by groups as various as the Toltecs from Central America and Scythians from Europe.</p><br>
<p>Between 1788 and 1796 members of the Ohio Company of Associates made provisions for the mounds to be surveyed and protected, gave them their Latin names, and placed the mounds under the domain of the future mayor of Marietta. This kept the mounds relatively secure for almost a century before the residents of Marietta began dismantling them for various construction projects. In 1801 Mound Cemetery was founded at the Conus mound, preserving it from future destruction. The cemetery is thought to house the graves of more American Revolutionary War officers than any other.</p><br>
<p>The complex was again surveyed and drawn in 1838 by Samuel R. Curtis (at the time a civil engineer for the state of Ohio). This survey was incorrectly attributed to Charles Whittlesey by E. G. Squier and E.H.Davis in their Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, published by the Smithsonian Institution in 1848.</p><br>
<p>The Sacra Via was mostly destroyed in 1882, with the resulting clay being used for the making of bricks. Most of the earthworks&#39; walls had also been demolished by this point for similar construction projects.</p><br>
<p>The Conus mound was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 23, 1973 as the Mound Cemetery Mound, site listing number 73001549. In 1990 archaeologists from the Cleveland Museum of Natural History excavated a section of the Capitolium mound and determined that the mound was definitely constructed by peoples of the Hopewell Culture.</p><br>
<p>Sicogon is an island in northern Iloilo, which is part of the municipality of Carles, Iloilo, Philippines. It is named after cogon, a type of grass found in abundance on the island. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 5,238.</p><br>
<p>Sicogon was a popular tourist destination during the 1970s, famous for its crystal clear waters and long stretch of white sand beach lined with coconut trees. However, due to the situation</p><br>
<p>caused by martial law, development stalled and Sicogon&#39;s popularity faded in favor of Boracay Island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Sicogon Island was declared a tourist destination zone by former President Ferdinand Marcos in 1976.</p><br>
<h3>Modern development</h3><br>
<p>On June 2012, a municipal ordinance that declared Sicogon Island as a tourist destination was recognized by the Sanggunian Panllawigan (SP) of Iloilo Province. The declaration aims to revive the island as a tourist destination and to open it for commercial use.</p><br>
<p>A P10-billion development project was launched on May 9, 2013 by the Sicogon Development Corporation (SIDECO), with the intent of reviving Sicogon as a world-class tourist destination. The project included constructing a five-star hotel and resort, seaport and an airport on the existing airstrip. This plan was not without controversy, as locals clashed with the developer, causing the town of Carles to send an eight-member police force to mediate between the developer, who claimed that residents had agreed to be relocated voluntarily, and residents who said the developer was forcing them off of public lands. On 8 November 2014 a pact was signed between SIDECO and local residents to begin development, with the goal of transforming Sicogon into an ecotourism destination.</p><br>
<h3>Typhoon Haiyan</h3><br>
<p>Typhoon Haiyan passed over Sicogon Island (along with the rest of Panay) on November 8, 2013, damaging fishing boats and nets. Canadian Air Force troops arrived on Sicogon on November 26, bringing medical supplies to the islanders, many of whom were suffering from coughs and colds.</p><br>
<h2>Location and geography</h2><br>
<p>Sicogon is 0.5 mi southeast from Calagna-an Island. Other nearby islands include Canas Island in the north, Balbagon Island in the east and Panay Island in the west. Tumaguin Island is accessible by foot from Sicogon during low tide. East of the islands is the Visayan Sea, which is a rich fishing ground and source of livelihood for people living in the region. Sicogon&#39;s highest point is Mt. Opao, north-east of barangay Buaya, at 214 m. The summit is accessible by trekking and on the summit the entire coastline that surrounds the island can be seen.</p><br>
<h3>Barangays</h3><br>
<p>Sicogon consists of the following three barangays:</p><br>
<p>Alipata</p><br>
<p>Buaya</p><br>
<p>San Fernando</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<h3>Air</h3><br>
<p>The Sicogon Airport (IATA Code: ICO) is a defunct airstrip. It is located in Barangay San Fernando.</p><br>
<h3>Boat</h3><br>
<p>Boats can be chartered from Estancia for less than 2,000 pesos. A public passenger boat leaves from Estancia port normally once daily, at 1 pm. The trip from Estancia to Sicogon takes roughly 45 minutes.</p><br>
<p>The Vincentpiramid   is a mountain of the Pennine Alps, located on the border between the Italian regions of Aosta Valley and Piedmont. The Vincentpiramid is one of the secondary summits of Monte Rosa. It lies south of the Ludwigshöhe, between the Lysgletscher and the Piode Glacier.</p><br>
<p>The Vincentpiramid summit was successfully climbed on 15 August 1819 by the brothers Nicolas (Johann Nikolaus) and Joseph Vincent from Gressoney-Saint-Jean, after whom the peak has been named.</p><br>
<p>It is one of the few peaks on Monte Rosa to lie entirely within Italian territory and is the fourth highest peak, completely in Italy. It is normally ascended from the Gnifetti Hut at the foot of the Lys Glacier and is rated as PD (Peu Difficile); a straightforward introduction to alpine climbing and often ascended in conjunction with another peak on Monte Rosa.</p><br>
<p>The Lanzo Valleys  is a group of valleys in the north-west of Piedmont in the Metropolitan City of Turin, Italy.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The valleys take their name from the city of Lanzo, which lies in the main valley near its exit on the Po Plain.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Stura di Lanzo, a tributary of the Po, collects the waters flowing through the valleys.</p><br>
<p>The most important sub-valleys are, from south to north and from west to east, Valle di Viù (literally Valley of Viù), Val dAla (literally Valley of Ala), Val Grande (literally Great Valley) and Val Tesso (literally Valley of Tesso, being the Tesso a left-hand tributary of Stura di Lanzo).</p><br>
<p>Besides Lanzo other municipalities of the area are Germagnano, Traves, Monastero di Lanzo, Coassolo Torinese, Pessinetto, Ceres, Ala di Stura, Balme, Viù, Lemie, Usseglio, Cantoira, Chialamberto and Groscavallo.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The valleys can be reached by the Po Plain either by railway, with the Ferrovia Torino-Ceres, or by road, following the strada provinciale n.1 named "Direttisima delle Valli di Lanzo".</p><br>
<h2>Notable summits</h2><br>
<p>Among the notable summits which surround the valley there are:</p><br>
<p>Uia di Ciamarella - 3,676 m</p><br>
<p>Levanna - 3,619 m</p><br>
<p>Uia di Bessanese - 3,606 m</p><br>
<p>Croce Rossa - 3,566 m</p><br>
<p>Punta d&#39;Arnas - 3,560 m</p><br>
<p>Rocciamelone - 3,538 m</p><br>
<p>Punta Sulè - 3,384 m</p><br>
<p>Uia di Mondrone - 2,964 m</p><br>
<p>Monte Colombano - 1,658 m.</p><br>
<p>Cervo Valley  is a valley in north-east of Piedmont in the Province of Biella, Italy.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The valley takes its name from Cervo, a right-hand tributary of the Sesia which flows through the valley.</p><br>
<p>It si also called Valle di Andorno from Andorno Micca, a town which lies in the main valley near its exit on the Po plain.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Besides Andorno other municipalities of the area are Biella, Campiglia Cervo, Miagliano, Piedicavallo, Pralungo, Quittengo, Rosazza, Sagliano Micca, San Paolo Cervo, Tavigliano and Tollegno.</p><br>
<h2>Notable summits</h2><br>
<p>Among the notable summits which surround the valley (all belonging to the Biellese Alps) there are:</p><br>
<p>Monte Bo - 2.556 m</p><br>
<p>Monte Cresto - 2.548 m</p><br>
<p>Punta Tre Vescovi - 2.501 m</p><br>
<p>Monte Pietra Bianca - 2.490 m</p><br>
<p>Gemelli di Mologna - 2.476 m</p><br>
<p>Sessera Valley  is a valley in north-east of Piedmont in the Province of Biella, Italy.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The valley takes its name from the river Sessera, a right-hand tributary of the Sesia which flows through the valley.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The municipalities of the lowest part of the valley are Ailoche, Caprile, Coggiola, Crevacuore, Guardabosone, Pray and Portula. Its highest part is used as pasture and administratively is divided in several exclaves belonging to the municipalities of the central part of the Province of Biella.</p><br>
<h2>Notable summits</h2><br>
<p>Among the notable summits which surround the valley (al belonging to the Biellese Alps) there are:</p><br>
<p>Monte Bo - 2.556 m</p><br>
<p>Testone delle Tre Alpi - 2.081 m</p><br>
<p>Cima dell&#39;Asnas - 2.039 m</p><br>
<p>Monte Barone - 2.044 m</p><br>
<p>Cima delle Guardie - 2.001 m</p><br>
<h2>Nature conservation</h2><br>
<p>The highest part of the valley and some surrounding areas are included in a SIC (Site of Community Importance) of 10,786.73 ha called Val Sessera (code IT1130002).</p><br>
<p>The Saint Mary Ranger Station  is a ranger station in Glacier National Park in the USA state of Montana. The National Park Service Rustic log cabin was built in 1913 on the east side of the park overloooking Upper Saint Mary Lake. It is one of the oldest administrative structures in the park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Saint Mary Ranger Station was built in 1913 by the district&#39;s first resident ranger, with the assistance of local residents, three years before the National Park Service was established while the park was being directly administered by the Department of the Interior. The barn, as a building moved from its original site, is not included under the historic designation.</p><br>
<p>The cabin was stabilized in 1972 and placed on a new concrete foundation. Further restoration was undertaken in 1975 in preparation for the 1976 United States Bicentennial. The interior was restored to its presumed original configuration, and interior sheathing was replaced. Restoration guidance and furnishings were provided by Mrs. Chance Beebe, who lived at the station 1918-1919 when her husband Chance was a ranger at Saint Mary.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The ranger station is a 26 ft by 26 ft cabin, 1-1/2 stories high with a front gable and a lean-to porch across the front. The cabin originally rested on wood piles. The walls are of rounded log construction, squared on the inside and then sheathed with beaded panels for the interior finish. There are three rooms on the cabin&#39;s main level: a living room in the front and a bedroom and kitchen in the back. The attic is an unfinished space, reached by an enclosed stairway from the living space below. An excavated root cellar is under the kitchen. The 1-1/2 story high log construction at the gable ends is unusual in a building of this type, where the triangular gable areas are usually filled in with framing and shingles.</p><br>
<p>A 1932 lean-to addition containing a bathroom and storage area was demolished in the 1977 renovation. A number of outbuildings that formerly existed around the cabin were removed during the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>The Lubec barn, that presently stands as an outbuilding on the Saint Mary Ranger Station site, came from the Lubec Ranger Station formerly located in the proximity of the Lubec trailhead about 7 miles south of East Glacier. In summer 1977, the barn was deconstructed at the Lubec Ranger Station site as part of an historical restoration project led by Montclair State College faculty member, Harrison Goodall, two family members, and 15 students. The disassembled barn was transported to and reassembled piece-by-piece on a new stone/concrete foundation at the Saint Mary Ranger Station site. The project took two weeks for disassembly, tagging and recording, and transportation of logs and other original construction materials. Only hand tools were used for reconstruction, which took about four weeks. Approximately eight replacement logs were tagged with "1977" plates. The Lubec barn is larger than the original Saint Mary barn, 19 ft by 26 ft versus 15 ft by 18 ft.</p><br>
<p>The Saint Mary Ranger Station was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 14, 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Crocketts Bluff Hunting Lodge is a historic hunting lodge in Crocketts Bluff, Arkansas. The lodge is symbolic of the hunting industry in the Grand Prairie of Arkansas, which is known for its plentiful duck and fish. The first lodge at this site was built in 1938 by Sam Fullerton, who owned the Bradley Lumber Company. Used primarily during duck hunting season, the lodge served to entertain Fullertons customers in the lumber industry. In 1955, the original lodge burned down, and Fullertons grandson S. Baker Fullerton built the present lodge in 1956 using native wood. The lodge became the property of the Potlatch Lumber Company in 1958 when it bought the Bradley Lumber Company; it was later purchased by the Frank Lyon Company in 1970, which used the lodge for duck hunting and fishing. On August 1, 2008, the lodge was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Prospect Hill is a plantation house in Edisto Island, South Carolina.</p><br>
<p>The house is significant for its architecture and ties to the production of sea island cotton. Constructed about 1800 for Ephraim Baynard, it sits on a bluff overlooking the South Edisto River. In 1860, William Grimball Baynard owned Prospect Hill. Baynard was an elder in Edisto Island Presbyterian Church, Justice of the Peace, Justice of the Quorum, and owner of 220 slaves. When he died in 1861, his son William G. Baynard acquired the house.</p><br>
<p>Prospect Hill is a two-story Federal house.</p><br>
<p>In 1999, Prospect Hill was bought by the Nature Conservancy of South Carolina for $5.75 million with plans to conserve the 1200 acres along the South Edisto River. The prior owner was a real estate development company which had intended to develop the property. The house was then resold to private homeowners who restored the house.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on 28 November 1986.</p><br>
<p>Summit Plantation House in Adams Run, South Carolina, USA, was built for William and Amarinthia Wilkinson in 1819 and is a relatively intact example of a modest Federal style plantation house. It is notable as the oldest remaining house in St. Paul’s Parish. The house is a two-story frame building on a tall tabby foundation. The foundation walls are solid under the two-story portion of the house; the one-story portion is supported on brick and tabby piers. The original part of the house is a two-story, central-hall, single pile residence with a braced timber frame. An apparently original one-story shed roofed, two room section is at the rear. The façade is five bays wide with a central entrance. A one-story, shed roofed porch runs across the whole façade. The house has beaded weatherboard siding and a tall gable roof with a metal roof. The hewn timbers, pegged mortise-and-tenon joints, Carpenter brand locks, and sash sawn timbers reflect the state of construction practices in the region at the time. The details of the woodwork, especially the reeded pilasters and sunburst motifs on the mantelpieces, reflect the Federal style. In 1982, two wings were added to the house.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed in the National Register on July 28, 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Seashore Farmers&#39; Lodge No. 767 is an historic building in coastal South Carolina that was erected to house a fraternal lodge for African-Americans.</p><br>
<p>The Lodge was built about 1915 by local black farmers. Their organization provided insurance, advice, and burial assistance to members, and the structure was the headquarters for the outfit. In 1953, a new pavilion opened at nearby Mosquito Beach, and the Lodge fell into disuse.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, the Lodge had been vacant for a decade and was in near ruinous condition. The Town of James Island agreed to contribute $50,000 toward the restoration of the building. In 2009, a restoration of the Lodge was undertaken at a cost of about $100,000 including the recreation of a missing porch.</p><br>
<p>The Lodge was added to the National Register on October 3, 2007 as a significant illustration of the importance of fraternal orders in the cultural life of the lowcountry African-American community in the early twentieth century. In 1915, the Lodge members built a two-story building on land belonging to Henry Wallace, a member.</p><br>
<p>The Lodge has a lateral gable roof of raised-seam tin with exposed rafters, wood clapboarding, concrete piers, and windows with wooden full-panel shutters as simple openings.</p><br>
<p>The First United Methodist Church of Glendale, formerly known as the First Methodist Episcopal Church of Glendale in historical documents, is located at 7102 N. 58th Dr. in downtown Glendale, Arizona, and was built during 1928-29. Its sanctuary, with its linked administration wing, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006 for its architecture.</p><br>
<p>It is an east-facing Gothic Revival style church with a projected entryway through a Gothic arch. A castellated bell tower rises on its north side. It is connected to the south to a previously-built brick administration wing (1923) by an enclosed porch and a loggia. Its exterior walls are brick, with occasional clinker brick accents, and it has cast stone details.</p><br>
<p>The sanctuary was designed by Los Angeles architectural firm G.A. Faithful and L.B. Baker. It was built by local contractor W.M. Mullen "with ample labor provided by church volunteers."</p><br>
<p>The church had previously begun building a different, "elaborate" Gothic Revival sanctuary, designed by local architect M.L. Fitzhugh, but this proved too expensive to complete. The effort was abandoned, and then the work was renovated to provide administrative offices, creating what is now the administration wing.</p><br>
<p>The sanctuary has a gable-end front facing east and is approximately 46 ft by 86 ft; the bell tower at its northeast corner is about 6 ft by 12 ft; the administration building, one story over a raised basement, is about 60 ft by 90 ft.</p><br>
<p>The sanctuary and administration building combination was listed as First Methodist Episcopal Church of Glendale Sanctuary on the National Register. Other buildings on the property include classrooms, a Fellowship Hall, and utility buildings, none of which are included in the NRHP listing.</p><br>
<p>Fort Dobbs was an 18th-century fort in the Yadkin–Pee Dee River Basin region of the Province of North Carolina, near what is now Statesville in Iredell County. Used for frontier defense during and after the French and Indian War, the fort was built to protect the British settlers of the western portion of what was then Rowan County, and served as a vital outpost for soldiers, traders, and colonial officials. Fort Dobbs&#39; primary structure was a blockhouse with log walls, surrounded by a palisade and moat. It was intended to provide protection against Cherokee, Catawba, Shawnee, Delaware and French raids into North Carolina.</p><br>
<p>The fort&#39;s name honored Arthur Dobbs, the colonial Governor of North Carolina from 1754 to 1765, who played a role in designing the fort and authorized its construction. When in use, it was the only fort on the frontier between South Carolina and Virginia. Between 1756 and 1760, the blockhouse was garrisoned by a variable number of soldiers, many of whom were sent to fight in Pennsylvania and the Ohio River Valley during the French and Indian War. On February 27, 1760, the fort was the site of an engagement between Cherokee warriors and provincial soldiers that ended in a victory for the provincials. After this battle and other attacks by Cherokee warriors on British forts and settlements in the Anglo-Cherokee War, the southern British colonies launched a devastating counterattack against the Cherokee in 1760.</p><br>
<p>Fort Dobbs was abandoned after 1766, and disappeared from the landscape. Archaeological work in the 20th century and historical research in 2005 and 2006 led to the discovery of the forts exact location and probable appearance. The site on which the fort sat is now operated by North Carolinas Division of State Historic Sites and Properties as Fort Dobbs State Historic Site, and supporters of the site have developed plans for the fort&#39;s reconstruction.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<h3>Settlement of the Carolina back-country</h3><br>
<p>In 1747, approximately 100 men of suitable age to serve in the colonial militia lived in North Carolina west of present-day Hillsborough. Within three years, most of North Carolinas population increase, driven mainly by the immigration of Scots-Irish and German settlers traveling from Pennsylvania on the Great Wagon Road, was occurring in seven western counties created after 1740. By 1754, six western counties—Orange, Granville, Johnston, Cumberland, Anson, and Rowan—held around 22,000 residents out of the colonys total population of 65,000.</p><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>In 1755, Governor Arthur Dobbs ordered the construction of a fortified log structure for the protection of settlers in Rowan County from various Native American threats, including assaults from Cherokee, Catawba, Shawnee, and Delaware raiding parties. Dobbs stated in a letter on August 24, 1755, to the Board of Trade that the fort was needed "to assist the back settlers and be a retreat to them as it was beyond the well settled Country, only straggling settlements behind them, and if I had placed beyond the Settlements without a fortification they might be exposed, and be no retreat for the Settlers, and the Indians might pass them and murder the Inhabitants, and retire before they durst go to give them notice". The new frontier settlements required regular protection, as the settlers in the area attributed many crimes and forms of harassment to denizens of nearby Catawba and Cherokee towns. Furthermore, Governor Dobbs was concerned for his own investments, as he owned more than 200,000 acre of land on the Rocky River, approximately 15 mi south of the Fourth Creek Meeting House.</p><br>
<p>The North Carolina Legislature set aside a sum of £10,000 for the construction of the fort in 1755, as well as for the raising of several companies of provincial soldiers to defend the frontier. Provincial soldiers, known by the shortened name "provincials", were soldiers raised, clothed, and paid by the individual British colonies, although they were at various times armed and supplied by the regular British Army. The total cost of the fort was only £1,000. By comparison, Fort Stanwix in New York, begun in 1758 in a then-modern star fort style, cost £60,000 to erect, while the construction of Fort Prince George in South Carolina cost that province&#39;s House of Commons £3,000.</p><br>
<p>Dobbs likely had a role in designing the fort, as he had designed at least one other fort in North Carolina, as well as a number of structures in Ireland. Hugh Waddell, a Scotch-Irish soldier who had close ties to Governor Dobbs and who was the commander of a company of provincial soldiers in 1755, built the fort&#39;s blockhouse and palisade using labor provided by his soldiers, and named it after the governor. The land on which the fort was to be located was a part of a 560 acre tract owned first by one James Oliphant, then by a Fergus Sloan. Part of the same tract was used for the Fourth Creek Congregation Meeting House (so named because the settlement was on the fourth creek one would pass traveling west on the South Yadkin River from Salisbury) in 1755, which was the principal structure around which the modern city of Statesville was founded. After construction was completed, Fort Dobbs was the only military installation on the colonial frontier between Virginia and South Carolina.</p><br>
<h3>Description and effectiveness</h3><br>
<p>By June 1756, Waddell had substantially completed construction on the fort. Francis Brown and future governor Richard Caswell, commissioners appointed by Dobbs to inspect frontier defenses, wrote the following report to the North Carolina General Assembly on December 21, 1756:</p><br>
<p>The commissioners generally found the defenses of the rest of the North Carolina frontier to be inadequate. In 1756, the North Carolina General Assembly petitioned King George II for assistance, stating that the frontier remained in a relatively defenseless state. The address to the king further noted that after the fall of Fort Oswego to the French and their native allies in that year, the legislators did not believe that Fort Dobbs would provide a substantial defensive advantage. Settlers west of the Yadkin River were subjected to regular attacks so that between 1756 and 1759, even after the construction of Fort Dobbs, the population of settlers in the area declined from approximately 1,500 to 800. Catawba raiding parties even struck as far as the largest western settlement, Salisbury, breaking into a session of court held by Peter Henley, Royal Chief Justice of the Province of North Carolina.</p><br>
<p>In 1759, Waddell ordered six swivel guns for use by North Carolina&#39;s military. Oral tradition in Iredell County holds that two such swivel guns were mounted at Fort Dobbs, but evidence of the exact quantity present at the fort has not been conclusively established.</p><br>
<h2>Use and conflict</h2><br>
<h3>Early uses</h3><br>
<p>Between 1756 and 1760, Fort Dobbs was used as a base of operations for Waddells company of provincials. Dobbs also employed Waddell and the fort to conduct diplomacy with the provinces native neighbors. The governor gave specific instructions on July 18, 1756, in a letter sent from New Bern to Waddell, who had just finished supervising the construction of the fort, and two other men, stating:</p><br>
<p>In addition to warning nearby natives against attacking settlers in the Carolinas, Dobbs also charged Waddell with attempting to keep peace with the Catawba. In one instance, Dobbs instructed Waddell to turn over a settler who had killed a Catawba hunter in order to placate the hunters tribesmen, in the event assurances that the settler would be brought to justice under the provinces laws did not persuade the Catawba to remain friendly with North Carolina.</p><br>
<p>In 1756, Dobbs also approved the construction of another fort, this time in lands claimed by the Catawba, as well as both Carolinas, near modern-day Fort Mill, South Carolina. Workmen under Waddells command began construction in 1756, but in 1757, Catawba leaders, influenced by South Carolina Governor William Lyttelton, informed North Carolinas government that they no longer wished for this second fort to be built, and construction of the second fort was permanently halted.</p><br>
<p>At the commencement of the French and Indian War, settlers in the nearby Fourth Creek Congregation settlement sought protection by remaining in close proximity to the fort. During the early stages of that war, and well into 1759, the fort housed only two soldiers; the remaining members of the frontier company had returned to their homes or, like Waddell, had gone to fight in Pennsylvania. In Waddell&#39;s absence, the fort was under the command of Captain Andrew Bailey.</p><br>
<h3>Decline and fall of Anglo-Cherokee relations</h3><br>
<p>During the Anglo-Cherokee War, which occurred during the later years of the French and Indian War, the fort served as the base for a company of North Carolina provincials tasked with repelling Cherokee raids in the western portion of the province when hostilities broke out between that tribe and the British provinces in 1758. The Anglo-Cherokee War began in 1758 after the capture of Fort Duquesne by the British and their native allies, including the Cherokee. After that fort was taken, the focus of combat in the French and Indian War moved northward, further away from the Cherokee homelands, and a number of Cherokee warriors felt that their contributions to the war effort were unappreciated. Several colonies, including Virginia and South Carolina, promised the Cherokee that they would build forts near their lands to protect them from hostile attack in exchange for warriors that had been supplied for the war effort. In Virginia&#39;s case, such promises were never fulfilled, and in South Carolina, the promised military presence eventually caused more concern in the Cherokee leadership than it alleviated. Long-term trends in English settlement, which encroached past the border between the Cherokee and South Carolina that had been set by treaty at Long Cane Creek (west of modern-day Greenwood, South Carolina), elevated Cherokee concern that vital hunting grounds would be permanently lost.</p><br>
<p>Several pro-French and pro-Creek leaders among the Cherokee pushed for violent actions against British settlers, despite the opposition of pro-British Cherokee leaders. Eventually tensions between the Cherokee and the colonists reached a head when Cherokee warriors were attacked by settlers in Virginia, including an unknown number who were ambushed by frontier militia groups who alleged that the Cherokee had slaughtered cattle and stolen horses that belonged to Virginian settlers. The Virginians attempted to sell the massacred Cherokee warriors&#39; scalps to the government of Virginia as the scalps of Shawnee warriors (for which the British had set a bounty), an act that insulted the Cherokee. After this and similar occurrences, younger, pro-French leaders among the Cherokee instigated attacks against settlers throughout the frontier. The colonial military of the South Carolina, which considered the Cherokee towns to be within its sphere of influence, responded by assaulting Cherokees, taking more scalps from the Cherokee and selling them to British authorities, and the colonial government refused to engage in negotiations with even the most sympathetic Cherokee leaders.</p><br>
<h3>War comes to Fourth Creek</h3><br>
<p>Throughout 1759 and 1760, small Cherokee bands attacked homesteads and communities on the frontier, oftentimes taking scalps from the British settlers. In raids on April 25 and 26, 1759, several parties of Cherokee led by Moytoy of Citico struck at settlements on the Yadkin and Catawba Rivers against the wishes of Cherokee leaders such as Attakullakulla, killing around 19 men, women and children, and taking more than 10 scalps from those killed, including eight scalps from settlers living on Fourth Creek. This violence damaged peace talks between Attakullakulla and South Carolina governor William Lyttelton, who considered the territory west of the Yadkin River in North Carolina to be within South Carolinas sphere of influence. The violence committed by the Cherokee against British settlers continued, which in turn caused the colonial authorities to seek better relations with the Creek and Catawba nations. The Catawba, who were allied to the provinces of North and South Carolina, were only able to provide minimal assistance to the English in the defense of their frontiers, as that tribes settlements had been decimated by smallpox in 1759 and early 1760. During this period of violence, members of Daniel Boone&#39;s family, who had settled in the area, took refuge in the fort, although Boone himself went to Culpeper County, Virginia with his wife and children. Several scholars have speculated that Boone himself served under Waddell as a member of the frontier provincial company.</p><br>
<p>All remaining goodwill was lost between Lyttelton&#39;s government in Charleston, the North Carolina government, and the pro-peace Cherokee when Lyttelton ordered the detention of several peace delegations led by headmen Oconostota, Tistoe, and "Round O", despite having previously guaranteed them safe passage. Lyttelton had the delegations put under armed guard, and secured them at Fort Prince George. A peace arrangement was agreed upon in December, 1759, although the Cherokee agreed under duress, and the pro-war faction of the Cherokee did not obey its terms. Several of the signatories for the Cherokee intended to disavow their promises as soon as they were able, in order to seek retribution for the capture of their peace delegations.</p><br>
<p>Full-blown war broke out across the Carolina frontier by January, 1760. Between January and February, 1760, more than 77 settlers on the Carolina frontier were killed by Cherokee war parties, and the British settlement boundaries had been effectively pushed back by more than 100 miles. Many of the Cherokee captives held at Fort Prince George were massacred in mid-February, 1760 after an attempt was made to rescue them, in which Ensign Richard Coytmore, the commanding officer of that fort who was much maligned by the Cherokee, was killed. Lyttelton, who was soon appointed Governor of Jamaica, requested assistance from Dobbs, but North Carolina&#39;s militia could not be convinced to serve outside of its home province due to long-standing custom.</p><br>
<h3>Battle</h3><br>
<p>Waddell and his provincials returned to Fort Dobbs after the fall of Fort Duquesne. The forts sole engagement occurred when a band of Cherokee warriors attacked on the night of February 27, 1760. During that battle, approximately 10 to 13 warriors died, and one or two provincial soldiers were wounded, while one young boy was killed. Future American Revolutionary War officer and North Carolina politician Griffith Rutherford, at the time a Captain, may have fought as during the battle under Waddells command. The Cherokee made off with several horses belonging to Waddell&#39;s company, but were ultimately repulsed. Waddell described the action in an official report to the Governor on February 29, 1760:</p><br>
<p>At around the same time as this attack occurred, Cherokee war parties attacked Fort Loudoun, Fort Prince George, and Ninety-Six, South Carolina. After this wave, Cherokee war parties continued to threaten Bethabara in the Wachovia Tract, Salisbury, and other settlements in the Yadkin, Catawba, and Broad river basins. The engagement at Fort Dobbs and settlements in the North Carolina Piedmont led the government of North Carolina to join South Carolina and Virginia in their campaign against the Cherokee in their own settlements in North and South Carolina, known as the "Middle" and "Lower Towns". Initially, though, Governor Dobbs notified Governor Lyttelton of South Carolina that the North Carolina militia would be unable to assist because it could not be compelled to leave the province. The following year, in 1761, various delays hampered the movement of North Carolina troops. In the meantime, approximately 15 Cherokee towns of between 350 and 600 inhabitants were destroyed. The campaign against the Cherokees displaced approximately 5,000 tribe members, and permanently pushed that tribe&#39;s zone of control west, across the Appalachian Mountains.</p><br>
<h3>Post-war history</h3><br>
<p>At the conclusion of the conflict between the French and the British, and after hostilities between the provincials and Cherokee ended with the rolling back of Cherokee boundaries in western North Carolina, the fort quickly became obsolete. On March 7, 1764, the North Carolina General Assembly&#39;s Committee on Public Claims recommended to Governor Dobbs that stores and supplies be removed from the fort to spare the government further expense in upkeep. By 1766, the fort was formally abandoned.</p><br>
<h2>Site preservation and archaeology</h2><br>
<p>Archaeological exploration of the site first occurred in 1847, when a group of local residents attempted to locate a rumored original cannon on the site. Evidence of this dig was discovered in the 21st century in a later archaeological study. In 1909, local residents established the Fort Dobbs Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution. That same year, the owners of the parcel of land on which the Fort Dobbs site was located donated 1,000 ft&sup2; containing the fort&#39;s remains to the Fort Dobbs Chapter. By 1910, the Chapter erected a stone marker at the site, and in 1915, it purchased the 10 acres of land surrounding the original donated parcel. In 1969, the North Carolina General Assembly appropriated $15,000 to purchase the property, to be matched by funds raised locally by the Iredell County Historical Society; these purchases were made in 1971 and 1973. By 1976, the land was opened as a historic site.</p><br>
<p>By 2006, archaeologists and historical researchers had determined the exact location of Fort Dobbs, and had located the post-hole foundations of the former log structure. Excavation began in 1967, and by 1968, the site of the fort was confirmed. In 1967, Stanley South, an archaeologist and proponent of processual archaeology, discovered that by overlaying a transparency depicting a survey of the Fort Dobbs site done in the mid-18th-century on a modern aerial photograph, evidence of the surveyed lines could still be discerned in the modern terrain. Additionally, excavations revealed a moat that surrounded the blockouse, as well as trash in the moat contemporary with the fort. Early archaeological work concentrated specifically on the moat and a depression called the "cellar", which South believed served as a storage space in the middle of the fort grounds, and which later researchers believe was directly underneath the blockhouse. Archaeological work has unearthed evidence of a palisade surrounding the blockhouse, in a similar fashion to other French and Indian War-era forts such as Fort Shirley near Heath, Massachusetts, and Fort Prince George.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, a researcher affiliated with East Carolina University, Lawrence Babits, presented a study and a reconstruction plan that has been accepted by the Friends of Fort Dobbs, the 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization that supports the site, and the North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources. In his plan, Babits postulated that Dobbs most likely played a role in designing the fort, basing the design on forts with which Dobbs had first-hand experience as an administrator in Scotland, such as Bernera Barracks near Glenelg and Ruthven Barracks near Kingussie. From these comparisons, the contemporary description of the fort, and the soil record, Babits concluded that the "opposite angles" described by Francis Brown in 1756 actually referred to "flankers", or square wooden structures attached to the corner of the fort that would have allowed defending soldiers to shoot into the flank of any attacking forces surrounding the building.</p><br>
<h2>Historic site</h2><br>
<p>The State of North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural History maintains and operates the area as Fort Dobbs State Historic Site. The visitor center, located in a log cabin constructed from parts of local, 19th-century log structures, features displays about both the colonial fort and the French and Indian War period. Outdoor trails lead visitors through the excavated ruins of the fort. Events, including many living history demonstrations, are held throughout the year at the fort. The Fort Dobbs site remains the only historic site in the state related to the French and Indian War.</p><br>
<p>Yearly attendance at the site is about 27,000 people., a campaign to renovate the site and restore much of Fort Dobbs is underway with the goal of raising $2.6 million for the project. A grant of $150,000 was given by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the design of the project. In 2010, the Friends of Fort Dobbs pledged $500,000 to the North Carolina Historic Sites program for the reconstruction of the fort. On January 5, 2013, Governor Bev Perdue signed a lease on behalf of the State to the Friends organization, allowing the nonprofit group to hire a private contractor for the fort&#39;s reconstruction.</p><br>
<p>As of 2017, the first phase of reconstruction has taken place. The original foundation and chimney has been rebuilt, and full restoration of Fort Dobbs is underway.</p><br>
<p>One of the most important buildings on South Carolina’s oldest commercial street, the South Carolina National Bank building was built in 1817 as the Office of Discount and Deposit of the Second Bank of the United States. The bank was the only bank equipped to provide international banking services, which enabled the transfer of South Carolina rice and cotton to European markets. President Andrew Jackson later withdrew all government deposits, thereby destroying the bank. In 1836, when the Office of Discount and Deposit was liquidated, the Bank of Charleston purchased the building.</p><br>
<p>The bank’s exterior walls are masonry covered with stucco. Its roof is pitched with gables and a heavily molded cornice at the northern and southern ends. The south or main façade is divided into three bays with shallow recesses. A large gold leaf eagle adorns the gable and is the original 1817 ornament. All first floor windows have semicircular heads. In 1855 the bank purchased the building to the east. In 1856 the original building was extended to the north. The Board of Directors’ Room, an architectural masterpiece, was added in 1856 and is believed to have been designed by Edward C. Jones, a well-known Charleston architect of the period.</p><br>
<p>In 1959, a three-story addition with drive-through windows was added to the north side of the building, extending parallel to State Street. The addition was designed by Cummings & McCrady.</p><br>
<p>The bank was listed in the National Register June 4, 1973.</p><br>
<p>The William Robb House is 19th-century house in Charleston, South Carolina at 12 Bee Street.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Robb House is significant for its association with William Robb, partner in the East Point Rice Mill, and with philanthropist William King McDowell. William Robb (1790-1885) was the son of James Robb (1790-1859) a Scottish merchant born in Logie Parish near Stirling. James Robb and the Scottish engineer James McLaren had erected an improved rice mill (the East Point Mill) in the late 1840s. William and his brother inherited the mills in 1858 and Robb built the house the same year. It was designed in a Classical Revival style.</p><br>
<p>The Robb House was later the home of Maj. Robert C. Gilchrist and then USA Congressman George Swinton Legare (from 1910 until his death in 1913). The interior was remodeled in 1920 by William McDowell for use as Mercy Maternity Hospital.</p><br>
<p>When the Robb House (known at the time as the Gilchrist House) was converted into a 19-bed hospital, improvements included a new heating plant, an electric elevator, and a new fountain featuring a five-foot stork sculpture in the front lawn. In December 1927, William McDowell announced his gift of the house to the Diocesan Home, and after 1927, it was the Episcopal Church Home for Women.</p><br>
<p>Charleston County had bid $273,000 in January 1983 for the building to use it as the location for its Substance Abuse Commission. Neighborhood opposition caused the county to withdraw its plans, and in 1983, the building was converted into twenty-three apartments. The building was listed in the National Register September 8, 1983 to make tax credits available.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The three-story masonry and frame residence is square and sits on a closed brick foundation. The main house is dominated by a classically detailed three-tiered portico on the south side, with the levels arranged in ascending complexity of their classical order. The exterior walls are laid in Flemish bond with tuck-pointed mortar joints and brick quoins on each corner.</p><br>
<p>The house has five bay windows on its north and south sides, three on its west side, and four bays on its east elevation. The windows on each elevation are symmetrically arranged with six-over-six wooden sash windows and sandstone lintels.</p><br>
<p>The hipped roof is covered with slate shingles and is pierced by four interior corbeled brick chimney stacks. The cornice is boxed with frieze and brackets. There are two brick dependencies, a carriage house and cookhouse; both are two-story structures with hipped, slate roofs and voussoir-arched windows.</p><br>
<p>The Flushing Meadows Carousel is a carousel located in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park in the New York City borough of Queens. It contains four rows of figures, including 64 jumping horses, 7 standing horses, 1 menagerie animal , and 2 chariots. It was created to serve patrons of the 1964 New York World&#39;s Fair by combining two earlier carousels, both of which were carved in Coney Island in the first decade of the twentieth century by renowned carver Marcus Illions. During the fair, it stood on a nearby site within the park, and it was moved to its present site in 1968, where it has remained in service ever since.</p><br>
<p>In 2016 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Coney Island predecessors</h2><br>
<p>The two predecessor carousels were the Feltman’s Carousel (1903) and the Stubbman Carousel (1908), both of which were created for amusement operators in Coney Island. 47 horses and the frame are from the Stubbman Carousel, and 24 horses are from the Feltman’s Carousel.</p><br>
<p>While Coney Island has seen resurgence since 2000, it had been busy during the Great Depression and had over twenty carousels spinning at once. The Feltmans Carousel had a restaurant and beer garden that occupied the site where the Luna Park currently sits, approximately between Jones Walk and West 10th Street. The carousel was indoors but faced Surf Avenue. The “Flying Horses” catalogue issued in 1970 by Rol and Jo Summit noted that some of the horses on Feltman’s carousel were left over from an earlier Looff carousel that caught fire, probably around 1899 or 1900. Feltmans carousel is regarded by some as Marcus Illions&#39; masterpiece.</p><br>
<p>The Stubbman Carousel was located at West 6th Street and Surf Avenue. It was part of the Stubbman’s Beer Garden, which sat adjacent to the Hotel Eleanor. The site is currently occupied by the New York Aquarium. The Stubbman machine had 64 horses and spun in Stubbman’s Beer Garden until 1953, when it was moved near Steeplechase Park and operated as an independent concession. The Summit article said that the Stubbman Carousel was, “commissioned by George and Henry Stubbman for their beer garden. The building housing the merry-go-round was prominently labeled, ‘Hotel Eleanor, Open All Year.’ The carousel itself was a proud addition to the Marcus-Illions stable. Its handsome Louis XIV chariots put the snake-headed, winged dragons of Feltman to shame. Some of the featured carvings were more lifelike and inventive than the Feltman horses, but the overall effect of the rim and central enclosure was less magical; the Stubbman never gained the widespread acclaim and popularity of its predecessor.”</p><br>
<p>Both carousels were carved by master carousel carver Marcus Illions. He was one of the premier carvers in the Coney Island style of carving. The creatures that came out of this style were known for flamboyance and a flair for the dramatic. They did not focus on the realism in carving, rather, the woodworkers focused on fantasy when creating their horses. The Feltman Carousel was a classic Illions design and was extremely ornate. Carousel historian Frederick Fried, author of the book A Pictorial History of the Carousel, said it was, “by far the greatest America carrousel.”. The Stubbman horses were a bit more subdued and simpler. Both frames were made by famed Coney Island ride manufacturer William F. Mangels. The Stubbman frame was eventually used on the Flushing Meadows Carousel when the two machines were combined. It has another feature rare to many carousels, slots in the floor that allow the horses to tilt outwards as the</p><br>
<p>machine picks up speed.</p><br>
<p>The Feltman’s carousel spun under a few different owners. It ran from 1903 to 1954 as part Feltman’s. In 1954 Dewey Albert and Nathan Handwerker bought the property, improved it, and called it Wonderland. Handwerker eventually wanted out of the deal and Albert now called the shots. He decided to build Astroland, the first phase of which opened in 1962. The carousel operated indoors until 1962 and outdoors through the 1963 season when it was packed up to make room for Astroland’s 200-foot Astrotower. On January 18, 1964 Albert, in the New York Times article “’Greatest’ Carousel is Stilled at Coney Island”, said he sold it due to, “Economics. That’s the reason. The carrousel took up too much space and didn’t make enough money.”</p><br>
<h2>Carousel in Flushing Meadows</h2><br>
<p>The American Cavalcade Corporation was formed in order to put a carousel at the 1964 New York World&#39;s Fair. Various sources, however, give credit to different people. The website “The 1964-65 New York World’s Fair” credits John S. Rogers with forming The American Cavalcade Corporation, while the New York Times obituary of Greer Marechal, Jr., dating from 1968 credits him with the company’s formation. Either way, they and other investors pulled together the company and purchased the Feltman’s and Stubbman’s Carousels. The original idea was to purchase the Feltman’s carousel and re-open that machine, but it was in such bad shape it was quickly realized that it could not run again without a huge investment. Therefore, the Stubbman machine was purchased really for the frame and mechanical componentry. Since both frames were made by Mangels the components were typical and the Feltman creatures could be used on the Stubbman frame when the ride re-opened at the fair. Rogers said that he negotiated with a “large parcel in the Industrial Sector, near the main gate (near IBM), that became available at the last minute plan plans for an amusement park-type exhibit by H.L. Hunt was cancelled.” Rogers had an agreement with the S&H Green Stamp store, who would provide funding as the host, but that never came to fruition. This led to the carousel making its owners little money at the fair.</p><br>
<p>The carousel opened in early July offering rides at 15 cents to patrons of the World’s Fair. The article “Galloping Ghost Revived for Fair” in the July 3, 1964 edition of The New York Times said: “The merry-go-round is in Carousel Park, in the fair’s Lake Amusement Area. It opens today in a setting designed to give the boardwalk atmosphere – with an actual boardwalk and small food stands.”” The boardwalk area was owned by some of the same ownership group as the carousel (incorporated as the American Carousel Corporation); they used the concessions to earn supplementary income.</p><br>
<p>According to Edward Dunne, who was involved in the project, Robert Moses had always wanted the carousel to operate permanently at Flushing Meadows-Corona Park. Three years after the fair ended the carousel was moved to its current home in the park, adjacent to the zoo.</p><br>
<p>On May 7, 2012, NY Carousel Entertainment was awarded the contract to operate both the Flushing Meadows and Forest Park Carousels. The company made cosmetic repairs to the machine, repainting it, sanding and staining the historic wooden floor, and adding new fencing to the entire area. It also added an additional family ride at the carousel, the Choo Choo, a Rio Grande Train.</p><br>
<p>Flushing Meadows Carousel 05.JPGNote the human figure on the horse&#39;s chest.</p><br>
<p>Penny Royal Glacier is a hanging alpine glacier in the Talkeetna Mountains of Alaska.</p><br>
<h2>Location and Terrain</h2><br>
<p>Penny Royal Glacier sits in the Talkeetna Mountains in an undeveloped wilderness area, at an elevation between approximately 4,600-6,000 ft. Penny Royal is an alpine glacier surrounded by mountains, cliffs, and glacial valleys. The glacier can receive snowfall year-round.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>No developed roads or paths lead to Penny Royal Glacier, though it is frequented by backcountry and wilderness enthusiasts. The glacier is most often accessed from the steep pass between Penny Royal Glacier and Bomber Glacier, from the valley floor at its terminus, or from the Backdoor Gap pass, which separates the glacier from Mint Valley. Penny Royal Glacier lies on the informal "Bomber Traverse" wilderness hiking route through the Talkeetna Mountains. Mountaineers may cross it en route to nearby peaks, and the glacier can be skied. Visitors are cautioned to be aware of the potential existence of dangerous crevasses, moulins, and bergschrunds, which may come and go with the movement of the glacier.</p><br>
<p>South Suicide Peak is a 5,005 ft mountain in the USA state of Alaska, located in Chugach State Park. The peak is notable for its graceful pyramidal shape and symmetry with nearby North Suicide Peak, and as the tallest mountain rising from the North side of Cook Inlet&#39;s Turnagain Arm.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>South Suicide Peak is located on the southern edge of Chugach State Park, in Alaska, and is positioned between North Suicide Peak, Indianhouse Mountain, Rabbit Lake, and McHugh Peak.</p><br>
<h2>Outdoor Recreation and Climbing Routes</h2><br>
<p>Due to its location near Anchorage, Alaska and ease of access from multiple trailheads, South Suicide is a relatively popular climbing destination. It is considered a non-technical, but rigorous, one-day climb when free of snow.</p><br>
<p>South Suicide Peak is most often climbed via the following routes.</p><br>
<p>Via Hauser&#39;s gully on the northern face, which ascends steeply from the moraines between North and South Suicide Peaks, adjacent to Rabbit Lake</p><br>
<p>Via the Windy Gap pass between North Suicide Peak and South Suicide Peak</p><br>
<p>From the South side and ridge via the Falls Creek trailhead</p><br>
<p>Via the western ridge, accessed either from Rainbow Peak or from the upper McHugh Creek trail</p><br>
<p>Strona di Mosso Valley  is a valley in north-east of Piedmont in the Province of Biella, Italy.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The valley takes its name from Strona di Mosso, a right-hand tributary of the Cervo which flows through the valley.</p><br>
<p>In the names of some of the towns and villages of the valley the term Mossso is also included, like i.e. Mosso Santa Maria, Valle Mosso or Crocemosso.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The valley starts from the mountains where it meets with Cervo Valley and Sessera Valley; going southwards it encompasses a wide, hilly area and ends near Cossato a little before the confluence of the Strona in the Cervo.</p><br>
<p>Besides Mosso and Valle Mosso, other municipalities of the area are Cossato (a town which lies in the main valley near its exit on the Po plain) and Bioglio, Callabiana, Camandona, Crosa, Lessona, Piatto, Pettinengo, Quaregna, Ronco Biellese, Selve Marcone, Soprana, Strona, Ternengo, Trivero, Vallanzengo, Valle San Nicolao, Veglio, and Zumaglia.</p><br>
<h2>Notable summits</h2><br>
<p>Among the summits which surround the valley (all belonging to the Biellese Alps) there are:</p><br>
<p>Monticchio (1.697 m)</p><br>
<p>Monte Marca (1.616 m)</p><br>
<p>Rocca d&#39;Argimonia (1.610 m)</p><br>
<p>Monte Rubello (1.414 m)</p><br>
<p>Monte Casto (1.138 m)</p><br>
<p>Monte Rovella (889 m).</p><br>
<p>Hell Gap  is a deeply stratified archaeological site located in the Great Plains of eastern Wyoming, approximately thirteen miles north of Guernsey, where an abundant amount of Paleoindian and Archaic artifacts have been found and excavated since 1959. This site has had an important impact on North American archaeology because of the large quantity and breadth of prehistoric Paleoindian and Archaic period  artifacts and cultures it encompasses. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2016.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Hell Gap is host to five different localities, or independent areas of study, each with its own unique archaeological remains. It is located about 4,921 feet above sea level in a valley with a small stream nearby which was undoubtedly attractive to its prehistoric inhabitants. James Duguid and Malcolm McKnight, two archaeologists who lived in the region and went to school at the University of Wyoming, discovered the site in 1959. Since very little erosion had occurred over the last several thousand years, the site deposits were in pristine condition and the assemblages could be excavated and dated in all five localities. Excavations from 1961 to 1966, and again in 1995 and after, by archaeologists from the University of Wyoming and the George Frison Institute, have recovered vast amounts of information on Paleoindian lifeways locally, such as the preparation of bison kills and previously unknown projectile points complexes like Hell Gap and Goshen.</p><br>
<p>Hell Gap contains projectile points from Llano tradition, Clovis and Folsom, and the Plano tradition, Agate Basin, Alberta, Frederick, Goshen (Plainview), Lusk, Hell Gap, Midland and Cody complexes. Three new archaeological complexes were defined at this site, Hell Gap, Goshen (Plainview), and Frederick. Folsom complex is believed to be derived from Clovis but there has not been much radiocarbon dated evidence in stratified context between the two assemblages to determine this for certain. The Goshen complex found in Hell Gap is a possible assemblage dating to this intermediate period. The Hell Gap and Agate Basin point forms, which were also found in stratified context at Hell Gap, are the first types of the Plano tradition. The earliest calibrated dates for Hell Gap and Agate Basin complexes are from 10,200 to 9,600 B.P. The Plano tradition consists of lanceolate points that show parallel flaking and Agate Basin is the first complex exhibiting this characteristic. The term Plano was derived from the Great Plains of North America, and refers to Paleoindian cultures with a growing dependency on bison hunting. Both Agate Basin and Hell Gap points are similar in appearance but Agate Basin came before Hell Gap points by about 500 years. Agate Basin, Goshen, and Folsom complexes are found together in most Localities at the site. In Locality II however, archaeologists have found evidence of at least four different Paleoindian complexes, including the Midland, Hell Gap, Agate Basin, and Lusk cultures.</p><br>
<p>Hell Gap has offered insight into the cultural lifeways of Paleoindian peoples because of its rich artifact assemblage of faunal remains and bones, preserved domestic buildings, fireplaces, and projectiles. The structures, circles of postholes, are from some of the oldest buildings in North America, calibrated to more than 12,000 years B.P., and provide possible evidence for the early use of the tipi.</p><br>
<p>The diet of the prehistoric people living at the campsite during the early Holocene included not only bison, which was their main staple, but several other small animals as well. Berries, fish, and birds were consumed and possibly used for other purposes such as medicine or personal decoration. The composition of the assemblages illustrate the processing and transport of faunal materials, most likely including large amounts of marrow, from the kill site to the campsite. Paleoindians were using a "fat-seeking feeding strategy" while extracting valuable marrow from the bones of the bison they killed. The people residing in Hell Gap during the early Holocene were trying to maintain a diet high in fat and protein which is indicated by the amount of bison remains found in Locality II.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeologists involved</h2><br>
<p>Over the years, many archaeologists have been involved with the work at the Hell Gap site. The first two discoverers were avocationalists James Duguid and Malcolm McKnight, but professional archaeologists soon took over excavations after they showed several projectile points to George Agogino, professor of Archaeology at the University of Wyoming. Henry Irwin, Cynthia Irwin-Williams, George Agogino, John Brew, C. Vance Haynes, Jr., and H.M. Wormington worked on the project from 1962 to 1966. Their papers give a meticulous insight into the projects underpinnings including an inventory of complexes discovered, photographs, maps, thorough descriptions of stratigraphy and artifacts, and detailed sketches of lanceolate points found there.</p><br>
<p>Much of Hell Gap&#39;s modern excavation is under the purview of the George C. Frison Institute, the Wyoming Archaeological Foundation, and the University of Wyoming’s Anthropology Department. Since 2009, a team has been reinvestigating the Hell Gap site in hopes that it will shed light on new aspects of Paleoindian culture and prehistory. The focus of recent excavations since 2009 have been to uncover new campsites and projectile points of the Frederick, Hell Gap, and Cody assemblages and to reevaluate past descriptions to update information. George Frison was given a grant from the National Geographic Society in 1995 to collect and produce data accumulated from past excavations at Hell Gap. Much remains to be learned from Hell Gap on Paleoindian lifeways and complexes, and there are several institutes exploring and quantifying the data found there.</p><br>
<p>The Château de Vixouges  is a medieval castle in the commune Polminhac in the Cantal département of the Auvergne, in France.</p><br>
<p>The entire castle, including the kitchen, dining room, the room on the first floor of the keep, the room on the second floor with a monumental fireplace, the room with pilasters, the room in the north room, the chapel and the bakery was classified on 7 November 2000 as a monument historique.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The central square defensive tower dates from the 13th century. In the 15th century, the tower was rebuilt, the staircase dates from this period. The tower has on its ground floor and in the first floor square rooms and on top of it an attic. A barn is dated to the year 1613. The chapel and the oven are also from the 17th century. Two wings and the boundary wall were created in 1719. The fountain at the entrance of the castle is a work of the 19th century, being erected after 1811.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Vixouze was first mentioned as a villa in 930. It was a gift by Bernard de Carlat Vicomte Carlat to the prior of Conques (villa mea que vocatur Vidditiosa).</p><br>
<p>According to a report dating from 1267, Vixouges was constructed as a noble site with one tower. In the Hundred Years&#39; War, it was largely demolished. It was rebuilt in the 15th century.</p><br>
<p>Rosemary Rock is a rugged islet, 170 m long by 40 m across at sea level, rising to about 50 m. It is the smallest of the Princes Chain of the Three Kings archipelago lying 57 km off the north-western tip of New Zealand’s North Island. It is named after the yacht Rosemary, which transported researchers to the Three Kings group in the late 1940s and early 1950s.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>Plants recorded from the islet include a glasswort (Salicornia australis), New Zealand iceplant, shore groundsel, taupata and a goosefoot (Chenopodium allanii). It is a breeding site for a small colony, only discovered in 1983, of about 20 pairs of northern Buller&#39;s albatrosses (Thalassarche bulleri platei), the only known breeding site for the subspecies away from the Chatham Islands. It also has a large colony of red-billed gulls.</p><br>
<p>Cima d’Asta at 2,847 m is the highest mountain of the Fiemme Mountains in the eastern part of the Italian province of Trentino.</p><br>
<p>It is situated between the Vanoi valley to the north and the Tesino valley to the south and is 18 km north-east of the town of Borgo Valsugana. It is over 21 km away from the nearest higher summit, the Cimon della Pala.</p><br>
<p>Just south of the summit is a mountain lake at 2460 m, the Lago di Cima d’Asta, from which the river Grigno originates.</p><br>
<p>It is unclear when the first ascent was made. On his ascent in 1882, Gustav Euringer did not find evidence of earlier visits, but was aware that the summit had been a triangulation point since 1816 and assumed it had been reached at or before that time.</p><br>
<p>The Tarsar Lake or Tar Sar is an almond-shaped, oligotrophic alpine lake situated in the Kashmir Valley, specifically in Aru, Anantnag district, Jammu and Kashmir, India.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Tarsar Lake is dominated by the peaks of the Kolahoi mountain some 20 km to the east. The lake is separated by a mountain with a minimum peak elevation of 4,000 m from another lake of the same nature known as Marsar Lake, which is in the vicinity of Dachigam National Park. Together these two lakes are referred to as the twin sisters. The 16th-century Kashmiri ruler Yusuf Shah Chak mentioned the twin lakes in his poetry, writing to his beloved:</p><br>
<p>The Tarsar Lake is drained by an outlet stream which falls into the Lidder River at Lidderwat, 15 km to the east. Being the nearest seasonal settlement, Lidderwat is located on the trek route to the lake from Aru, Pahalgam. The Marsar Lake on the other hand drains out and flows in the opposite direction of the Tarsar Lake.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>During the winter, the Tarsar Lake freezes and is covered by heavy snow; it has floating ice even in the summer. The basin of the lake is surrounded by a sheet of alpine flowers. The geum, blue poppy, potentilla and gentian are relatively common. Hedysarum flowers are found in late spring throughout the area around the lake.</p><br>
<p>During summer there are breeding colonies of migratory birds, including bar-headed geese, lammergeyers, high-flying choughs, Himalayan golden eagles, cinnamon sparrows and black bulbuls. The basin of Tarsar and the adjoining Dachigam National Park constitute one of the most important habitats of the Kashmir stag (hangul), ibex, musk deer, snow leopard, Himalayan brown bear and in the higher reaches, the golden marmot.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The Tarsar Lake is accessible only during the summer; during the winter, the treks are closed because of the heavy snowfall. It can be reached from Srinagar, via a 102 km motorable road which leads through Anantnag and Pahalgam to the Aru trekking camp. The alpine meadow of Lidderwat lies at the halfway point of the two-day trek to the lake. An alternate route leads through Ganderbal and a trekking starting point at Sumbal in the Sind Valley. Due to the steepness of the trek, it is preferable to approach the lake by the Aru-Lidderwat trek and return via the Sumbal-Sind Valley trek. Another accessible route to Tarsar and Marsar is a Place called Nage-Baren via Tral.</p><br>
<p>Kirby Lake is a 740-acre man-made reservoir located on the south side of Abilene, Texas, just east of Highway 83, in the north-eastern portion of Taylor County. Management is under the City of Abilene.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>It was impounded in 1928 and has a maximum depth of 16 feet.</p><br>
<h2>Angling</h2><br>
<p>Kirby Lake is a popular lake for fishing, in particular blue or other catfishes, as well as bluegill. Like most lakes in the region, there are also largemouth bass, carp, white crappie and other fishes living in the waters.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>The lake is known for a number of bird species, including pectoral sandpiper, cactus wren, Baird&#39;s sandpiper and the more rare long-tailed jaeger, red knot and red phalarope, as well as others. Pyrrhuloxia, scarlet tanager and various waterfowl can also be seen in the spring and fall migrations.</p><br>
<p>The entire region is known for its diversity in butterflies and the greatest variety can be found at Kirby Lake. Pipevine swallowtail, sleepy orange, Reakirts blue, Horaces duskywing, tawny emperor, common buckeye, sachem and others.</p><br>
<p>Cassina Point  was built in 1847 for Carolina Lafayette Seabrook and her husband, James Hopkinson. Carolina Seabrook was the daughter of wealthy Edisto Island planter William Seabrook. William Seabrook had hosted Gen. Lafayette in 1825 at his nearby home at the time of Carolinas birth. William Seabrook gave Gen. Lafayette the honor of naming the newborn child, and the general selected Carolina  and Lafayette . When Carolina Seabrook married James Hopkinson, they built Cassina Point on the land given to them by William Seabrook.</p><br>
<p>The house is a large antebellum house and remnant of a sea island cotton plantation. James Hopkinson was a grandson of Francis Hopkinson, a signer of the Declaration of Independence from New Jersey and designer of the American flag. The house was occupied during the Civil War by the Third New Hampshire Regiment. The two-and-one-half story, rectangular plan house has a side-gable roof and a raised, brick basement in Flemish bond. The building is clad in weatherboard other than the pedimented gable ends which uses flushboard siding. There are two massive, interior, brick chimneys that have stuccoed necking and rat-tooth bands. A full-width, five-bay, hipped roof porch extends across the façade elevation supported by plain columns. The interior has marble mantels and door and window surrounds with bull’s-eye cornerblocks. The house was added to the National Register on November 28, 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Middleport Public Library is a historic Carnegie library in the Ohio River village of Middleport, Ohio, United States. Built in the early twentieth century, it has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<p>Middleport was founded as "Sheffield" during the 1820s, a time of great prosperity and rapidly increasing commerce in Meigs County. Among its earliest industries was a cotton mill, built despite the lack of cotton production in the vicinity. Local residents formed the villages first public library in 1908, but its initial location on the second floor of a commercial building soon proved unsatisfactory. One year later, the librarys board contacted Andrew Carnegie&#39;s Carnegie Corporation in order to begin participating in its library construction program. Negotiations ultimately resulted in the foundation agreeing to provide the village with construction money, and the building was completed in 1912 under the direction of Athens contractor Charles Kirchner.</p><br>
<p>The Middleport library is a brick building with a tiled roof and a brick foundation. Its architecture is generally simple, although some details of the facade display a Georgian Revival architectural flavor; some of the more ornate examples are the pediment above the portico, the quoins, and the dentils underneath the pediment and the cornice. In January 1986, the library was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It qualified for inclusion under two different criteria: its architecture, which makes the library Middleports most distinctive public building, and for its place in local history — besides its status as an example of small-town Carnegie libraries, it remained an icon of Middleports early twentieth-century community activities. The library is one of three Middleport locations on the National Register, along with the John Downing Jr. House and the William H. Grant House.</p><br>
<p>Reading Furnace Historic District is a national historic district located in Warwick Township and East Nantmeal Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania. The district includes 7 contributing buildings, 2 contributing sites, and 1 contributing structure associated with a former iron furnace and farm. The buildings are the mansion house, tenant house, barn, large shed, and three outbuildings. The stone mansion was built in three sections between 1744 and 1936. The latest addition was done under the direction of R. Brognard Okie. The contributing sites are the remains of an 18th-century dam and the foundation of the 1736 Reading Furnace. The contributing structure is a stone arch bridge .</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>North Warwick Historic and Archeological District is a national historic district located in Warwick Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania. It is adjacent to the Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site. The district includes 55 contributing buildings, 39 contributing archaeological sites, 13 contributing structures, and 1 contributing object in a mineral rich, well forested area. Archaeological remains document prehistoric habitation dating back to 3000 BC. The contributing buildings include log and fieldstone buildings, many of which date to the 18th and 19th centuries. They include two well designed Georgian style dwellings dated to 1817 and 1822. Also located in the district are the Bethesda Church, or Lloyd&#39;s Meeting House , Pine Swamp Evangelical Church , and Monocacy Schoolhouse .</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<p>The Thomasville Railroad Passenger Depot is a historic train station located at Thomasville, Davidson County, North Carolina. It is one of the oldest remaining frame depots in the state, built between 1870 and 1871. The board-and-batten building features Victorian sawnwork detailing. Until 1912, it served as a passenger train station with the Richmond and Danville Railroad and later the Southern Railway. Due to the increase in passenger rail travel, a new brick depot was built. This depot was then moved to the north side of the tracks and served as a freight agents office. The Southern Railway eventually gave the structure to the town. The Thomasville Historical Society raised $5,000 for its restoration in 1969. Another restoration was completed in the late 1990s. In July 2000, the Thomasville Railroad Passenger Depot became the home of the Thomasville Visitors Center.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.</p><br>
<p>The First Unitarian Church at 2401 Bancroft Way in Berkeley, California is a former church building that was built in 1898. It was designed by Albert C. Schweinfurth, who made unconventional use of Shingle Style architecture, usually applied to homes, in designing a church. It was also highly unusual for a church building in several other ways, including the use of industrial-style metal sash windows, sections of redwood tree trunks as pillars, the strong horizontal emphasis, and a semicircular apse with a conical roof.</p><br>
<p>The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the California State Historic Resources Survey, and is a City of Berkeley Landmark. It has also been known as University Dance Studio and Bancroft Dance Studio for its current use.</p><br>
<p>Although originally outside the university grounds, it is now the second oldest building still standing on the Berkeley campus. At the time it was built, facing a block of Dana Street that no longer exists, it joined a cluster of Protestant churches that had been built since the 1870s with the encouragement of the university administration. The land was acquired by the university in 1960 through eminent domain for the construction of a student union complex.</p><br>
<p>The church was the first meeting place of the Hillside Club, formed in 1898 to promote Arts and Crafts movement principles in the growing university town.</p><br>
<p>When it was built, A.C. Schweinfurth, the architect, was well on his way to an eminent career with the patronage of the Hearst family, but this church ended up being his last project. While it was under construction he began a two-year European tour with his wife and daughter. He came down with typhoid fever and died in September 1900.</p><br>
<p>In 1908 the congregation built an adjacent building called Unity Hall, designed by member Bernard Maybeck, which was demolished in 1965 for the construction of Zellerbach Hall. The Schweinfurth-designed building was preserved, landmarked, and restored with seismic upgrades and new shingles in 1999.</p><br>
<p>Bashful Peak is a mountain in the USA state of Alaska, located in Chugach State Park. At 8,005 ft, Bashful is the highest peak in Chugach State Park, and the highest peak in the Municipality of Anchorage. The peak carries snow year-round and several small glaciers hang from its steep western face.</p><br>
<p>The peak was named in 1958 by members of the Mountaineering Club of Alaska because "it is often hidden by other peaks, ridges, or clouds."</p><br>
<h2>Climbing</h2><br>
<p>Bashful Peak is a challenging climb due to its height, loose rock, remoteness, exposure, and the chaotic weather of the Chugach Mountains, which includes year-round snowstorms. Bashful Peak sees very few visitors, and there are no trails up the mountain itself. Climbers typically start at the Eklutna Lake trailhead, hike up the East fork of the Eklutna River, climb the beginning of Stivers Gully on Bold Peak, climb out of the gully and cross a small valley, and ascend Bashful Peak via its southern ridge.</p><br>
<p>The David J. and May Bock Woodward House is located in the Alta Vista district of the Bexar County city of San Antonio in the USA state of Texas. It was designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1994. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places listings in Bexar County, Texas on February 16, 1996.</p><br>
<p>This 2 1/2-story Classic revival home was designed 1904–1905 by architect Atlee Ayres for San Antonio business man David J. Woodward (1864–1925) and his wife May Bock Woodward (1866–1942). The couple flipped twenty-three homes during their married life. David built the houses, and May decorated them. Each property would eventually be sold for profit when the couple moved upward to a more expensive residence. After David Woodward died, his wife sold the house at 1717 San Pedro in 1926 to the Womans Club of San Antonio for $47,000. It is currently being used as the organizations clubhouse. The first floor of the house are the interior parlor, library with fireplace, butler&#39;s pantry, office, kitchen, powder room and dining room. When Ayres designed the house, the second floor served as living quarters with five bedrooms, bath and sitting room. Alterations made by the club converted three of the bedrooms into a single meeting room. The Woodwards intended the top floor to be a ballroom and had it designed with window box seats. Currently, it serves as storage space.</p><br>
<p>Peter&#39;s Point was built by Isaac Jenkins Mikell in 1840. The house was built at the intersection of St. Pierre’s Creek and Fishing Creek. The site was Gen. Lafayette’s departure point from the island in 1826 after he visited the island during a southern tour. The plantation house displays early Edisto Island plantation and Greek Revival styles. Although Mikell, a Princeton graduate, was one of the wealthiest planter in the state, his only political service was as a magistrate and commissioner of the public schools of Edisto. One of his projects was the landscaping of the grounds surrounding the house. The house is sometimes, less frequently known as the Isaac Jenkins Mikell House, but that name is much more commonly applied to Greek Revival house Mikell built in Charleston in 1853.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed in the National Register June 19, 1973.</p><br>
<p>The Freel Farm Mound Site   is an archaeological site and burial mound of the Woodland cultural period located on the Oak Ridge Reservation in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. The site was excavated in 1934 as part of the Norris Basin Survey by the Tennessee Valley Authority using labor from the Civil Works Administration under the supervision of T.M.N. Lewis. Important finds of the excavation include 17 burials and a few artifacts. The artifacts and records from the fieldwork are held by the McClung Museum in Knoxville, Tennessee.</p><br>
<h2>Site Description</h2><br>
<p>The Freel Farm Mound is located on the USA Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge Reservation. The site is currently inundated by Melton Hill Lake. At the time of excavation the mound was located on the William Freel farm 2 miles southeast of Scarboro, Tennessee. The site was located 1200 feet from the western side of the Clinch River in a wide valley with ridges to the east and west in a prominently wooded knoll. During the excavation the mound resided on land that had been owned by the Freel family for over 135 years. The field surrounding the mound had been traditionally farmed; however the mound itself had never been disturbed. Webb described the mound as covered with undergrowth and having eight large trees growing from it. The largest tree was a white oak that measured 23 inches in diameter. The roots from the trees had extensively penetrated the mound. A part of the mound on the western side had been removed to create a dirt road.</p><br>
<p>The mound was circular shaped with a diameter of 40 feet and a height of eight feet above the original ground surface at its midpoint. It was created from hard-packed yellow clay with small specs of charcoal inside. The mound had one indication of a grave excavation below the original forest ground level near the center of the mound. In this grave was “Burial No. 17”, the body had been covered by large stones.</p><br>
<p>The stone pile was stacked to form a circular shape that measured 16 feet and 4 inches in diameter and rose above the original ground surface approximately 1 foot. “Burial No. 17” and the stone circle made up the original increment of the construction site. The earth on top of the stones was added as additional bodies were interred into the mound.</p><br>
<p>The mound is associated with the Late Woodland period and was likely created between 500-1000 CE. The basis of this assessment is related to the burial practices of the individuals within the mound. The differences in the mortuary treatment of individuals at Freel Farm mound indicate a non-egalitarian society had formed.</p><br>
<h2>Recent History of the Site</h2><br>
<p>Freel Farm mound was excavated in 1934 due to its location in the Norris reservoir basin project area. In the 1930s as Norris Dam was being constructed the Tennessee Valley Authority sponsored an archaeological survey of the Norris basin. The survey had three key goals; the discovery of all prehistoric sites within the basin, the excavation of all sites found, the recovery and preservation of all information and material of archaeological value. The survey found 23 sites of prehistoric significance. Freel Farm mound was the 22nd site. The location of the mound was actually downstream of Norris Dam and would not have been affected by the collecting waters, but was excavated due to its proximity to the basin.</p><br>
<p>The Tennessee Valley Authority, along with the Civil Works Administration, and the Federal Relief Administration hired T.M.N. Lewis to oversee the archaeological survey. Lewis served as a district supervisor on the excavation of the site and A.P. Taylor served as the field supervisor.</p><br>
<p>In the 1960s the construction of the Melton Hill Dam to the south of Oak Ridge, Tennessee caused the water levels along the Clinch River to rise permanently submerging the Freel Farm mound.</p><br>
<h2>Excavation</h2><br>
<p>The mound was staked into 5-foot squares, along the cardinal directions. The northeastern stake was designated as the zero stake. The squares were designated southward by integers and westward by decimals. Stratification was not discernable and there was no evidence of intrusion. Care was taken to maintain vertical profiles every five feet and to keep a clean floor in the trench going down to the hardpan.</p><br>
<p>The excavation revealed no evidence of midden material. Also no potsherds were found in the mound. There was no evidence on the site of any structures and very little information that would give any information as to who built the mound. The burials and the stacked stone circle were the outstanding features discovered in the mound. It was also determined during the excavation that the yellow clay used to cover the mound was clean and brought in to cover the bodies laid on the surface.</p><br>
<h3>Burials</h3><br>
<p>17 burials were found within the mound. Webb numbered the burials in the order in which they were found.</p><br>
<p>Burial No. 1: Fully flexed adult. The preservation of material is poor. A piece of drilled conch shell was found near the neck of the skeleton.</p><br>
<p>Burial No. 2: Partially flexed adult on the ground floor.</p><br>
<p>Burial No. 3: Poorly preserved partially flexed adult on the ground floor.</p><br>
<p>Burial No. 4: Eleven inches below the mound surface a poorly preserved partially flexed skeleton.</p><br>
<p>Burial No. 5: Greatly decayed bones on the ground surface.</p><br>
<p>Burial No. 6 and Burial No. 7: Portions of three bodies, two adults and one child. Poor preservation of the bones was due to the action of the roots of the trees.</p><br>
<p>Burial No. 8: Poorly preserved portion of a skull and the lower limbs of a fully flexed adult found 22 inches above the ground floor.</p><br>
<p>Burial No. 9: Found just below the mound surface was a nearly disintegrated adult. A flint spear point was also found.</p><br>
<p>Burial No. 10: A crushed skull found 10 inches above the ground floor beneath the base of a tree.</p><br>
<p>Burial No. 11: Poorly preserved skull, clavicle, and rib of an adult found 20 inches above ground floor.</p><br>
<p>Burial No. 12: Poorly preserved adult found 18 inches above the ground floor.</p><br>
<p>Burial No. 13: A bundle burial not in anatomical order.</p><br>
<p>Burial No. 14: Poorly preserved and partially disturbed adult found 15 inches above the ground floor. Some of the remains are not in anatomical order. A rock was placed over the leg bones.</p><br>
<p>Burial No. 15: A bundle burial not in anatomical order.</p><br>
<p>Burial No. 16: Crushed skull on the ground floor. Found near a perforated shell bead.</p><br>
<p>Burial No. 17: The best preserved and the original skeleton that was placed in the mound. This skeleton was the only one in good enough condition to be studied and measured by W.D. Funkhouser, a physical anthropologist from the University of Kentucky. Funkhouser took the measurements Burial No. 17 and compared them with measurements from other individuals found during the Norris Basin Survey.</p><br>
<p>The Freel Farm Mound Site   is an archaeological site and burial mound of the Woodland cultural period located on the Oak Ridge Reservation in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. The site was excavated in 1934 as part of the Norris Basin Survey by the Tennessee Valley Authority using labor from the Civil Works Administration under the supervision of T.M.N. Lewis. Important finds of the excavation include 17 burials and a few artifacts. The artifacts and records from the fieldwork are held by the McClung Museum in Knoxville, Tennessee.</p><br>
<h2>Site description</h2><br>
<p>The Freel Farm Mound is located on the USA Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge Reservation. The site is currently inundated by Melton Hill Lake. At the time of excavation the mound was located on the William Freel farm 2 miles southeast of Scarboro, Tennessee. The site was located 1200 feet from the western side of the Clinch River in a wide valley with ridges to the east and west in a prominently wooded knoll. During the excavation the mound resided on land that had been owned by the Freel family for over 135 years. The field surrounding the mound had been traditionally farmed; however the mound itself had never been disturbed. Webb described the mound as covered with undergrowth and having eight large trees growing from it. The largest tree was a white oak that measured 23 inches in diameter. The roots from the trees had extensively penetrated the mound. A part of the mound on the western side had been removed to create a dirt road.</p><br>
<p>The mound was circular shaped with a diameter of 40 feet and a height of eight feet above the original ground surface at its midpoint. It was created from hard-packed yellow clay with small specs of charcoal inside. The mound had one indication of a grave excavation below the original forest ground level near the center of the mound. In this grave was “Burial No. 17”, the body had been covered by large stones.</p><br>
<p>The stone pile was stacked to form a circular shape that measured 16 feet and 4 inches in diameter and rose above the original ground surface approximately 1 foot. “Burial No. 17” and the stone circle made up the original increment of the construction site. The earth on top of the stones was added as additional bodies were interred into the mound.</p><br>
<p>The mound is associated with the Late Woodland period and was likely created between 500-1000 CE.</p><br>
<h2>Recent history of the site</h2><br>
<p>Freel Farm mound was excavated in 1934 due to its location in the Norris reservoir basin project area. In the 1930s as Norris Dam was being constructed the Tennessee Valley Authority sponsored an archaeological survey of the Norris basin. The survey had three key goals; the discovery of all prehistoric sites within the basin, the excavation of all sites found, the recovery and preservation of all information and material of archaeological value. The survey found 23 sites of prehistoric significance. Freel Farm mound was the 22nd site. The location of the mound was actually downstream of Norris Dam and would not have been affected by the collecting waters, but was excavated due to its proximity to the basin.</p><br>
<p>The Tennessee Valley Authority, along with the Civil Works Administration, and the Federal Relief Administration hired T.M.N. Lewis to oversee the archaeological survey. Lewis served as a district supervisor on the excavation of the site and A.P. Taylor served as the field supervisor.</p><br>
<p>In the 1960s the construction of the Melton Hill Dam to the south of Oak Ridge, Tennessee caused the water levels along the Clinch River to rise permanently submerging the Freel Farm mound.</p><br>
<h2>Excavation</h2><br>
<p>The mound was staked into 5-foot squares, along the cardinal directions. The northeastern stake was designated as the zero stake. The squares were designated southward by integers and westward by decimals. Stratification was not discernible and there was no evidence of intrusion. Care was taken to maintain vertical profiles every five feet and to keep a clean floor in the trench going down to the hardpan.</p><br>
<p>The excavation revealed no evidence of midden material. Also no potsherds were found in the mound. There was no evidence on the site of any structures and very little information that would give any information as to who built the mound. The burials and the stacked stone circle were the outstanding features discovered in the mound. It was also determined during the excavation that the yellow clay used to cover the mound was clean and brought in to cover the bodies laid on the surface.</p><br>
<h3>Burials</h3><br>
<p>17 burials were found within the mound. Webb numbered the burials in the order in which they were found.</p><br>
<p>Burial No. 1: Fully flexed adult. The preservation of material is poor. A piece of drilled conch shell was found near the neck of the skeleton.</p><br>
<p>Burial No. 2: Partially flexed adult on the ground floor.</p><br>
<p>Burial No. 3: Poorly preserved partially flexed adult on the ground floor.</p><br>
<p>Burial No. 4: Eleven inches below the mound surface a poorly preserved partially flexed skeleton.</p><br>
<p>Burial No. 5: Greatly decayed bones on the ground surface.</p><br>
<p>Burial No. 6 and Burial No. 7: Portions of three bodies, two adults and one child. Poor preservation of the bones was due to the action of the roots of the trees.</p><br>
<p>Burial No. 8: Poorly preserved portion of a skull and the lower limbs of a fully flexed adult found 22 inches above the ground floor.</p><br>
<p>Burial No. 9: Found just below the mound surface was a nearly disintegrated adult. A flint spear point was also found.</p><br>
<p>Burial No. 10: A crushed skull found 10 inches above the ground floor beneath the base of a tree.</p><br>
<p>Burial No. 11: Poorly preserved skull, clavicle, and rib of an adult found 20 inches above ground floor.</p><br>
<p>Burial No. 12: Poorly preserved adult found 18 inches above the ground floor.</p><br>
<p>Burial No. 13: A bundle burial not in anatomical order.</p><br>
<p>Burial No. 14: Poorly preserved and partially disturbed adult found 15 inches above the ground floor. Some of the remains are not in anatomical order. A rock was placed over the leg bones.</p><br>
<p>Burial No. 15: A bundle burial not in anatomical order.</p><br>
<p>Burial No. 16: Crushed skull on the ground floor. Found near a perforated shell bead.</p><br>
<p>Burial No. 17: The best preserved and the original skeleton that was placed in the mound. Funkhouser took the measurements from Burial No. 17 and compared them with measurements from other individuals found during the Norris Basin Survey.</p><br>
<p>The Wilkinson-Boineau House is a significant example of an early 19th-century Greek Revival residence with minor 20th-century alterations. William Wilkinson, a planter, established a village, Wilkinsonville, about 1830 that bears his name, and the house was the first one built. He lived for most of the year at his plantation on Swinton Creek.</p><br>
<p>Milton Carroll Boineau acquired the property in the 1920s. In the 1930s, the family built a one-story addition on the back and removed part of the central hall. The house is on tall brick piers. The original part was a two-story central hall house. A hip-roofed porch along the entire front is accessed by a brick staircase. The house has square edge weatherboarding and a tall lateral gable roof. The original windows were nine-over-nine double-hung sashes, but two-over-two double-hung sashes were used to replace them in the 1930s or 1940s. The roof is corrugated metal.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places January 21, 1999.</p><br>
<p>Sufes was a town in the late Roman province of Byzacena, which became a Christian bishopric that is included in the Catholic Church&#39;s list of titular sees.</p><br>
<h2>The town</h2><br>
<p>The ruins of Roman Sufes are found near Sbiba a village in Tunisia&#39;s province of Kasserine.</p><br>
<p>It was a small town from which Roman roads branched out to neighboring towns.</p><br>
<p>It was on several hills sloped towards the plain, and covered a portion of the plain itself with a perimeter of about 6 km.</p><br>
<p>There are few surviving records of Sufes.</p><br>
<p>It is mentioned in the Antonine Itinerary as twenty five miles from Tucca Terebintha, and Victor Guérin discovered an inscription at the Sufes site, which described it as "splendissimus et felicissimus ordo Coloniae Sufetanae" and showed further on that Hercules was the genius loci, a type of tutelary deity, of Sufes.</p><br>
<p>It is not known when Sufes was founded, but it was known as a castellum in the history of Roman-era Tunisia during the early Empire,</p><br>
<p>and probably became a colonia about the time of Marcus Aurelius, In AD 411, both a Catholic and a Donatist bishopric were located there.</p><br>
<p>At the beginning of the 4th century, pagans outnumbered Christians. Punics formed the predominant population of towns and retained the Punic language until the 6th century; in certain towns the Christian bishops were obliged to know Punic, since it was the only language that the people understood.</p><br>
<p>Alexander Graham quoted Al-Andalus geographer and historian Al-Bakri, who wrote in the 11th century that, "We arrived at Sbiba, a town of great antiquity, built of stone, and containing a college and several baths. The whole country around is covered with gardens, and produces a saffron of the greatest excellence."</p><br>
<p>René Louiche Desfontaines, in 1784, wrote that for several hours he marched through a forest of pines and Phoenician juniper before descending into the verdant plain in which Sbiba is situated.</p><br>
<p>In 1862, Victor Guérin wrote that, it was long deserted and uninhabited; he commented that, on this vast site he could not find a "miserable hamlet of five or six huts", and only a "dozen tents belonging to the Madjer tribe". Robert Lambert Playfair, while travelling the same route taken by Desfontaines in 1877, wrote the forests which Desfontaines alluded to have disappeared. By 1886, Graham wrote, the site was an abandoned village, with no settlement within 30 mi, in an old field wilderness.</p><br>
<p>Although, in Latin, Sufetula is a diminutive of Sufes. Sufes should not to be confused with Sufetula, both a different titular see, Sufetula (Sufetulensis), and a different site 40 km further south near Subaytilah.</p><br>
<p>It was there that in AD 647, a major battle, between the Byzantine and Berber army led by Gregory the Patrician and the Rashidun Caliphate army led by Abdullah ibn Saad, ended in a decisive Muslim victory.</p><br>
<h2>Ruins</h2><br>
<p>The ruins of Sufes consist of a basilica, converted after the seventh century into a mosque</p><br>
<p>a Roman temple,</p><br>
<p>of which only the foundation survives; a Byzantine fort,</p><br>
<p>built by Solomon, a praetorian prefect of Africa under Justinian I, of which only one wall survives and was built on a former Roman fort; and, a town wall. The fort, measured 45 m by 40 m,</p><br>
<p>had four corner towers, and was, like the other ancient ruins, dismantled for recycled construction material used in the rebuilding of the modern village.</p><br>
<p>Graham wrote that the Byzantine citadel, or walled enclosure, was constructed entirely of the stones of the Roman city.</p><br>
<p>A huge mass of rubble is all that remains of a large thermae; and, a large semicircular nymphaeum, decorated with columns and statues, is only represented by the stone blocks which formed the base of the superstructure.</p><br>
<p>The whole site is strewn with blocks of cut stone, fragments of moldings, and sculptured ornament. The nymphaeum was supplied with water drawn from wadi Sbiba through a 9 km aqueduct.</p><br>
<p>As part of a systematic survey, during the French protectorate of Tunisia, five location were listed on a state protection decree as three items for the site: the Sidi Okba mosque; rectangular enclosures A, B, C; and, the semicircular nymphaeum.</p><br>
<p>There are more unexcavated ruins.</p><br>
<h2>Massacre of sixty Christians</h2><br>
<p>Sufes is known for sixty Christian martyrs commemorated, in the Roman Martyrology, on 30 August, an event related to the legal persecution of pagans by the Christian Roman Empire. In 399, Honorius, through edicts to oppress pagan religion in ancient Rome, ordered the closing of pagan temples and the destruction of idols,</p><br>
<p>a cult statue of Hercules had been destroyed, and in retaliation the pagan inhabitants massacred sixty Christians. The cult of Hercules at Sufes is attested by an inscription to that god found among the ruins. Augustine of Hippo wrote a letter to the leaders of the colonia after the massacre.</p><br>
<h2>The bishopric</h2><br>
<p>The names of a few of the bishops of Sufes are recorded:</p><br>
<p>Privatus (mentioned in 255)</p><br>
<p>Maximinus (mentioned in 411)</p><br>
<p>Peregrin (mentioned in 411), a Donatist</p><br>
<p>Eustratius (mentioned in 484)</p><br>
<h2>Synod of Sufes</h2><br>
<p>Sufes is also known for a church council that took place there in 525.</p><br>
<p>The Synod of Sufes was related to the preceding Synod of Junca.</p><br>
<p>Karl Josef von Hefele wrote that Giovanni Domenico Mansi assigned the year 523 to the Concilium Juncense (Junca) in the ecclesiastical province of Byzacena in Africa, which was previously assigned to the following year.</p><br>
<p>Hefele wrote that Liberatus, primate of the ecclesiastical province of Byzacena and president of the Synod of Junca, wrote a letter to Archbishop Boniface of Carthage, in which Liberatus said that the peace of the Church was restored at the Synod of Junca and he assured that full ecclesiastical liberty prevailed in the ecclesiastical province of Byzacena. What was further necessary, he wrote, would be conveyed through verbal messages by the bishops who were entrusted with the letter. The peace of the Church had been disturbed partly by a conflict between Liberatus and a monastery and partly by Bishop Vincentius&#39; of Girba (Girbitanus) invasion of the ecclesiastical province of Byzacena, although he belonged to the ecclesiastical province of Tripolis, and consequently exercised his authority over people outside his ecclesiastical jurisdiction. When there was no bishop in Carthage, because of Vandal persecution, the monks had requested the primate of the ecclesiastical province of Byzacena, who was near to them, to ordain one of them into the priesthood for the needs of the monastery. This was done. Liberatus inferred that the monastery was now subject to him but the monks recognized the archbishop of Carthage as their superior. At the 525 Synod of Carthage, held after the Synod of Sufes, their abbot accused Liberatus of endeavoring to ruin their monastery and of excommunicating them. They asserted that the monastery should neither be subjected to one single bishop nor the monks be treated by Liberatus as his own clergy.</p><br>
<p>After the African bishops returned from exile and been freed from persecution, contests about their order of precedence broke out among them and some sought to get rid of their subordination to the archbishop of Carthage.</p><br>
<p>Fulgentius Ferrandus in his Bremarium Canonicum gives us a canon of the Synod of Junca, which runs thus: Ut in plebe aliena nullus sibi episcopus audeat vindicare. Finally, we learn from the biography of Fulgentius of Ruspe that he was also present at the Synod of Junca (identified, by a transcription error, as Vincensis instead of Juncensis), and that the Synod gave him precedence over another bishop named Quodvultdeus. Quodvultdeus felt hurt by this, so Fulgentius of Ruspe requested at the next synod, the Synod of Sufes, also belonging to the province of Byzacena, that Quodvultdeus should again be given his previous precedence. No more is known of the Synod of Sufes.</p><br>
<p>Kimberton Village Historic District is a national historic district located in East Pikeland Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania. The district includes 49 contributing buildings and 3 contributing structures in the village of Kimberton Village. The three original buildings listed in 1976, were the "Sign of the Bear" tavern , Chrisman grist mill , and French Creek Boarding School . The 1987 boundary increase expanded the district to include a variety of vernacular farmhouses, barns and other outbuildings, a grange hall, a former Quaker meetinghouse, a frame milk receiving station, and railroad station. The contributing structures are a dam and stone arch bridge.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976, with a boundary increase in 1987.</p><br>
<p>Coatesville Historic District is a national historic district located in Coatesville, Chester County, Pennsylvania. The district includes 457 contributing buildings in the central business district and surrounding residential areas of the city of Coatesville. The buildings date from the mid-18th century to 1937, with most built between 1850 and 1924. They are mostly two- and three-story commercial buildings constructed of brick. They include notable examples of the Gothic and Italianate styles. Notable buildings include the Fleming House , Brandywine Mansion , National Bank of Chester Valley , St. Cecelia&#39;s Church , Beth Israel Synagogue , and Coatesville High School . The district includes the separately listed Lukens Main Office Building, and "Terracina."</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>The Robert E. Lee School is a historic school building located at 402 Lee Street, Paris, Henry County, Tennessee.</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1893 and added to the National Register in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Land for a new school was donated by Judge John C. Hamilton in 1848. Trustees for the Paris Male Academy contracted John Oury on 30 August of that year to construct a brick building fifty feet by thirty-two feet with eighteen inch thick outer walls. Cost upon completion was $2,470. A bell was later installed in September 1849.</p><br>
<p>Paris Male Academy operated as a private school until 1881 when it became public and renamed itself the Paris Public School. After legislation was passed affecting other schools in the city, Paris Public School became City High School, teaching ten grades, in the fall of 1891. In December of that year, the school building burned.</p><br>
<p>A movement to rebuild the school began in early 1892, which was completed and opened in September 1893 as City High School. This is the building that survives today.</p><br>
<p>The school became known as the Robert E. Lee School about 1910.</p><br>
<p>The building was used for school and classroom purposes until 1975 when new buildings were constructed elsewhere. The Paris Special School District used the building until 2001.</p><br>
<p>The Robert E. Lee School Association (RELSA), a non-profit organization, took the building over in 2001 and began restoring it with grant money and fundraising efforts. In 2003, the building became the home to the Robert E. Lee Academy for the Arts.</p><br>
<p>The North Poplar Historic District is a historic district in Paris, Henry County, Tennessee. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>There are 60 historic buildings in the district, dating from the 1870s to the 1940s and representing some of West Tennessee&#39;s best residential architecture of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Architectural styles include Italian Renaissance, Bungalow, Craftsman, Neoclassical and Colonial Revival.</p><br>
<p>The district includes Cavitt Place, a two-story Italian Renaissance-style mansion built in 1916. It now houses the Paris-Henry County Heritage Center. Original features of the building that are still intact include painted-glass windows, a marble staircase and floors, murals on ceilings and walls, and mahogany woodwork. The Heritage Center operates as a small museum featuring a permanent exhibit on Henry County history, as well as temporary exhibits and resources for historical research.</p><br>
<p>The Porter House is a historic home located at 407 South Dunlap Street, Paris, Henry County, Tennessee.</p><br>
<p>It was built by Thomas Crawford about 1850 and added to the National Register in 1973. It is most notable for being the residence of Tennessee Governor James Davis Porter between 1887 and his death in 1912.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Thomas Crawford, a wealthy mercantile in Paris, Tennessee, purchased 14 acres of land on June 6, 1848 from John B. DeWitt for $500. It is estimated that Crawford built the first part of the house on this land by 1850. At the age of twenty-six, he is recorded in the 1850 census as the second wealthiest man in Henry County, owning real estate valued at $15,500. His first two children were born in the house before he sold the property on September 27, 1855 to Mary G. Swayne for $6500.</p><br>
<p>Mary Swayne and her husband John owned the property until December 30, 1859, when it was sold to John H. Dunlap for $8500. The property was deeded to John&#39;s wife, Marietta Dunlap, on September 23, 1874.</p><br>
<p>Marrietta Beauchamp Dunlap deeded the property to her son-in-law and former Tennessee Governor James Davis Porter on February 21, 1887. After the death of Governor Porter on May 18, 1912, his widow Susan Dunlap Porter sold the property to Joel Porter. It was deeded to his wife, Lona W. Porter on January 10, 1936, and then to Joel and Lona&#39;s daughters, Margaret Porter and Mrs. Julia Woolfork, on August 1, 1955.</p><br>
<p>The Historic American Buildings Survey states that the owner of the house was Miss Margaret Porter in Summer 1972. The survey goes on to describe a change in brick pattern and floor height differences as signs that the house was built in two stages.</p><br>
<p>Bailey’s Store is one of the last nineteenth century commercial structures on Edisto Island, Charleston County, South Carolina. Baileys Store was likely built earlier than 1825 on Edingsville Beach, a popular seaside resort, before it was moved to its present location about 1870 following the abandonment of Edingsville Beach. Because all of the remaining structures at Edingsville Beach were swept into the Atlantic ocean in the hurricane of 1893, Baileys Store is the only survivor of that community. The building was moved in two parts to Store Creek. It was reassembled there for use as a gin house already on that location.</p><br>
<p>Bailey’s Store is a two-story building with weatherboard cladding and side gables. When Highway 174 was moved in about 1940, Baileys Store was turned 180 degrees. The Edisto Island Post Office was located at Baileys Store for many years in an addition on the south side. The addition has since been removed. A hipped roof runs above the front door from the western elevation. The three windows on the first floor and five on the second are asymmetrically placed. There is a one-story, hipped roof addition on the back of the building.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the house was substantially renovated in the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed in the National Register November 28, 1986.</p><br>
<p>First Unitarian Church of Hobart is the oldest Unitarian Church in Indiana, and the oldest church still occupied by its original congregation in the city of Hobart. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 9, 1999.</p><br>
<p>The church is an Italianate style. The building&#39;s simple design on both the interior and exterior has not been altered since its construction.</p><br>
<p>George Earle laid out the town of Hobart in 1848 on property that he owned near his saw and gristmill. To encourage development, he offered free land for community projects such as a railroad and congregations wishing to build churches with a resident minister and regular services. A group of Hobart citizens organized "a society founded on the principals taught and promulgated by the Unitarians, and for the public worship of God, also for the advancement of the principles of morality and the ultimate good of society in general," in 1848 with 48 members.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Hobarts Unitarian Church was constructed of locally produced brick at a cost of $15,000.00. The lot for the church was purchased from Hobarts founder, George Earle, for $1.00.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Unitarian Church a two-story brick structure. The brick structure was built in 1875 and dedicated in January 1876. The frame addition is from 1954-55 and 1990. Built on a city lot, a memorial garden on the north side is surrounded by a stonewall.</p><br>
<p>Built as a rectangular block using common bond brick walls with a gable roof. There is a three-tiered steeple above the entrance. There are tall, narrow arched windows divided into three sashes of three amber-colored panes. Each window has a stone sill with a semicircular brick crown with brick tabs. The windows on the south or primary facade resemble arches supported by piers with a capital and base. The walls are topped by a plain frieze-like cornice. The steeple has three, incrementally smaller, tiers. Each section has a shingle covered hip roof. Within the lower two section is the church bell.</p><br>
<p>The piers have a capital and a base that rests on the stone sill. A horizontal molding along the top of the door connects the two capitals. The arch over the double-doors is filled by a wood panel with gothic-like carvings. Centered above the door and near the gable peak is a decorative circular wood insert carved with a floral-like detail. The insert may have replaced a circular window that was never installed or was enclosed when the interior was remodeled. Directly below this stone is a square stone block carved with the date 1874, the year of the congregation&#39;s formation.</p><br>
<p>The north and south facades are identical. Each wall is divided by pilasters into four bays. The end bays are longer than the two center, and pilasters are located at each building corner. Windows, equidistant apart, are located within each bay. The center pilaster of the south facade has a brick chimney that services a basement furnace. It starts at ground level and projects up through the eaves. There is an adjoining parish hall and church offices which do not contribute to the historical significance of the church.</p><br>
<p>The church&#39;s interior includes; the vestibule, gallery, and assembly room. The vestibule is a small space inside the main entry doors. The entry to the assembly room is through double-doors centered between two single doors. All four doors are wooden with four panels.</p><br>
<p>A gallery is above the vestibule for use as a choir loft.</p><br>
<p>The assembly room is rectangular and is two floors in height. Both the north and south walls have four arched windows set. At the east end is a stage, up two steps from the main floor. There is a decorative wood backdrop (1964) and wood double-doors on the east wall. The doors lead to the parish hall.</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>Hobart Historical Society. Downtown Hobart. Self-published, 1988.</p><br>
<p>Indiana Historic Sites and Structures Inventory. Lake County Interim Report. Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana, 1996. (P. 17 & 20, No. 04087).</p><br>
<p>Northwest Indiana Regional Planning Commission. Historic Preservation Inventory and Assessment. Self-published, 1977. (P. A-4).</p><br>
<p>White, Joseph. Where God&#39;s People Meet: A Guide to Significant Religious Places in Indiana. Carmel, IN: Guild Press of Indiana, 1996.</p><br>
<p>William Harvey House is a historic home located in Pennsbury Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania. The original house was built, and is a 2 1/2- to 3 1/2-story, stone banked dwelling. It is the earliest of the five Harvey family homes in Pennsbury Township.</p><br>
<p>William Harvey, a maker of malt, immigrated from Lye, Worcestershire, England prior to 1715. He purchased 300 acres of land in 1715. He died in 1754, leaving the house to his son, William Harvey. That son owned the house when it was in the line of fire during the Battle of Brandywine in 1777. A local legend holds that he refused to leave his home until a 12 pound cannon ball came through the kitchen wall, however, a later register of damages from the British occupation shows a loss of farm animals, hay, and oats, but no claim for household goods.</p><br>
<p>Descriptions of the property from the will of the grandson of the original William Harvey shows that no structural changes were made to the house between 1821 and a remodel sometime after 1926. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
